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What are Y shaped proteins that have receptors to detect antigens?
antibodies
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What part of an antibody forms the alerts another cell of antigen/antibody complex?
antibody tail
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What lines of defense do antibodies belong in?
only 3rd line / specific
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What are 5 categories of immunoglobins?
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What is an immunoglobin?
antibody
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What shape is the IgG antibody?
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What is the predominant class of antibodies?
IgG
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What antibody can cross the placenta?
IgG
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What antibodies leave the blood vessel during inflammation?
IgG
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How many binding sites are on an IgG antibody?
2 identical binding sites
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What kind of immunity do IgG antibodies give a fetus?
natural passive
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What are the 3 functions of IgG?
- neutralize by interrupting attachment
- adherence of phagocyte
- activation of complement
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By what process do IgG antibodies and complement proteins encourage adherence of phagocytes to invaders?
opsonization
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What 3 functions of activated complement proteins?
- chemotaxis
- opsonization
- cytolysis
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What kind of complex activated complement proteins?
antigen-antibody complex
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What shape are IgM antibodies?
- pentomer
- 5 Y shaped attached at the tails
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Where are IgM antibodies found?
blood stream
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Why do IgM antibodies stay in the blood stream during inflammation?
- bigger antibodies
- wont fit through dialated fenestrations
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What is the first type of antibody made when a new invader is found in the blood stream?
IgM
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What is 1 function of IgM antibodies?
activate complement proteins
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What antibody is dimer shaped?
IgA
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How many antigen binding sites do IgA antibodies have?
4
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What antibodies clump antigens on the body surfaces?
IgA
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What do IgA antibodies prevent?
inaverds on body surfaces from entering breaks
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Which antibody has secretory component?
IgA
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Where are IgA antibodies found?
from vessels to body secretions
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Which 3 antibodies are monomers?
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What antibodies are only found on the surface of B cells?
IgD
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What are 3 functions of IgE antibodies?
- fight parastic worms
- involved in fatal allergies
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What type of cell do IgE antibodies bind to?
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What is the function of IgD?
allow B cells to recognize antigens
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What is the significance of rising antibody titers?
- antibody titres show which antibodies are present, and how many
- can represent what kind of disease a person is fighting
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What cells have surface antibodies that act as antigen specific receptors?
b cells
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What kind of antigen specific receptors do t cells have on their cell surface?
non antibody
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What are 2 different t cells?
helper and cytotoxic
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What do CD8 cells release?
toxic chemicals
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What do CD4 cells release?
interleukins (chemicals)
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What do Th cells do?
- release interleukins
- stimulate B cells and macrophages
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How are macrophages stimulated?
by Th/CD4 cells
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What 2 things do stimulated marcophages increase?
- increase in size
- increase in # of lysosomes
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What are 2 types of specific immunity in the 3rd line of defense?
cell mediated and humoral immunity
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Which type of specific defense involves B cells, Antigen presenting cells, Th/CD4 cells?
humoral immunity
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What are 3 antigen presenting cells found in specific immunity?
- macrophages
- phagocytes
- dendritic cells
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Where are B cells and T cells found in the body?
blood and lymphatic stream
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What class of antibodies are found on B cells in humoral immunity?
IgD
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How does the B cell alert a Th cell of an invader in humoral immunity?
- B cell attaches to antigen by antigen binding sites on anitbody
- phagocytosis of invader
- exocytosis leaves antigens on surface of B cell
- T cell responds to antigens on the surface
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What 3 things does a Th cell do when it responds in humoral immunity?
- replicates/reproduces
- matures into memory T cells and active T cells
- stimulates B cells only
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What 3 things does a Th cell do when it responds in cell mediated immunity?
- replicates/reproduces
- matures into memory Th and active Th
- stimulates Antigen presenting cells (macrophages) only
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When does a macrophage become an antigen presenting cell?
after exocytosis of invader
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How does CD4 cell help stimulate B cells and macrophages?
release of interleukin
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What do interleukins do to a B cell?
- stimulates > replicates/ reproduces
- matures into memory B cells and plasma cells
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What kind of antibodies do plasma cells have?
the same antibodies as the B cell they came from
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During the first exposure, how long does it take to mature plasma cells?
several days
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What 2 things are made during primary immune response and how long does it take?
- release of IgM antibodies
- release of IgG antibodies
- 7-10 days to process antibodies
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What kind of antibodies are made in the secondary immune response and how long does it take to make them?
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What kind of response is the third immune response?
- faster
- more prolonged
- "booster" response
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How long can memory B cells and T cells stay in the body?
around 10 years
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Which specific immunity cell has antibodies on the surface?
B cells only
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What 3 reasons could a person get sick with the same disease if they have been exposed before and are supposedly immune?
- exposed to different strains
- overwhelming amount of organisms
- \drop in immune response
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What process do interleukins released by CD4 cells cause?
chemotaxis
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What virus kills Th cells?
HIV
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What 3 things do the chemicals that Tc cells release do?
- kill intracellular parasite infected cells
- kill cancer cells
- kill vascularized transplants
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What do CD8 cells need to help them in cell mediated immunity?
nothing, lone rangers
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What do CD8 cells respond to and how do they respond?
- abnormal cell structure of self cells
- replication/reproduction
- maturation into memory Tc cells and active Tc cells
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What does the medicine that avoids rejection of transplants do?
inhibits Tc cells
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If CD8 cells kill cancer cells, how can someone still have cancer?
cells reproduce faster than Tc cells can
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Why does chemotherapy bring a person's immunity down?
- kills ALL rapidly reproducing cells
- immunity cells are rapidly reproducing as well as cancer cells
- immunity cells die
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What are 9 causes for a person to be immunocomprimised?
- HIV infection
- multiple infections at once
- old age
- young age
- cancer
- chronic diseases
- stress
- poor nutrition
- pregnancy
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How does pregnancy cause a mother to become immunocomprimised?
immune response is lowered to avoid attacking baby's foreign genese from dad
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What are 2 different roles of t helper cells in humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity?
- humoral : stimulates B cells
- cell mediated : stimulates macrophages
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What are injections that help immunity build?
vaccines
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What are 4 types of vaccines?
- killed/ inactivated
- live, atentuated
- toxoid
- acellular/subunit
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What is the most effective type of vaccine?
live, atenuated
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Who can not receive live, atenuated vaccines?
immunocompromised
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What is the newest type of vaccine?
acellular/subunit
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What kind of immunity are vaccines?
artificial active immunity
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What form of the pathogen is injected in a vaccine?
avirulent
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What are chemicals or structures that help pathogens cause disease?
virulence factors
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What type of vaccine has dead organisms that can't reproduce?
killed/inactive
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What vaccine type is contraindicated for the immunosupressed?
live, atenuated
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What vaccine type is the least safe?
live, atenuated
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What vaccines have weakened exotoxins?
toxoid
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What vaccines have only peices of the microorganisms?
acellular/subunit
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Which vaccines dont require boosters?
live, atenuated
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What do signs and symptoms after eceiving a vaccine indicate?
your immune system is working to make antibodies
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What are 3 adverse reaction to vaccines?
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What is the msot common allergy reacted to vaccine?
flu vaccine, grown in eggs
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What is the vaccine which was known for giving fevers and seizures?
pertusses (killed) vaccine
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