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Panic of 1837
Economic crisis in which hundreds of banks failed.
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Manifest Destiny
Belief that the United States should own all the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
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Cede
Give up, as in land.
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Forty-niner
Person who went to California during the Gold Rush in 1849.
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Vigilantes
Self appointed law enforcers who deals out punishements whitout holding a trial.
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Skilled Workers
People with a trade, such as a carpenter, a printer, or shoemaker.
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Unskilled Worker
People who do a job that requires little training.
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Trade unions
Association of workers formed to win better wages and working conditions.
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Immigrant
Person who leaves his or her homeland to settle in another country.
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Grandfather Clause
Law passed by southern states after the Civil War. Excused a voter from poll tax or a literary test if his father or grandfather voted in 1867.
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Discrimination
Policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain people.
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Abolitionists
People who wanted to end slavery in the United States.
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Underground Union
Secret network of people who helped runaway slaves to reach freedom in the North or Canada.
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Temperance Movement
Campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol.
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Sectionalism
Strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of to the whole country.
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Popular Sovereignty
The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting amd free participation in government. Popular sovereignty is an important characteristic of democratic government.
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Fugitive
Runaway, such as an escaped slave in the 1800s.
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Bleeding Kansas
Small Civil War in the United States, fought between pro-slavery and anti-slavery advocates for control of the new territory of Kansas under the doctrine of popular sovereignty.
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Republican Party
One of the two primarypolitical parties of the U.S., organized in1854 to oppose the extensionof slavery into western territories.
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Democratic Party
One of the two primary political parties of the U.S., owing its origin to a split in the Democratic-Repunlican Party under Andrew Jackson.
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Confederate States of America
Nation formed by the states that seceded from the Union in 1860 and 1861.
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Martial law
Rule by the military.
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Civilians
Persons not in the military.
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Bounty
Payment made to men who joined the Union army.
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Draft
Law requiring men of a certain age to serve in the military.
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Habeas corpus
Right to have charges filed or a trial before being jailed.
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Inflation
Economic cycle in which the value of money falls and the prices of goods rise.
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Profiteer
Person who takes advantage of an emergency to make money.
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