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Feature matrix
A two-dimensional display of the phonetic features characterizing each of a sequence of phonological segments. Features are presented on the left and segments on top.
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Binary feature
- +/-
- (Segment is either voiced or unvoiced, no grey areas)
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Parenthesis notation
- ( )
- encloses optional material; where an item is enclosed in parentheses at any point in the rule, the rule works equally well with or without the parenthesised material
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Brace notation
- { } braces
- or curly brackets enclose options; that is, the rule will work with any one of the things listed in brace
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Alpha notation
- (a.k.a. Greek letter variable), agreement in features;
- used as the value for a feature when the precise value is not important, but matching of values is;
- α must have the same value everywhere it occurs on any given application of the rule
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Suprafeature (F and P)
- αP copies place of articulation
- αF copies all features
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Vacuous rule application
write rule with as few features as possible
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Iterative rule application
- Rules apply iteratively/reapplies across string;
- it feeds itself
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Sonority hierarchy
- a ranking of speech sounds (or phones) by amplitude;
- nucleus has maximal sonority and that sonority decreases as you move away from the nucleus
- 1. Low V
- 2. Mid V
- 3. Hi V
- 4. Glides
- 5. Liquids
- 6. Nasals
- 7. Fricatives
- 8. Stops
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Syllable onset
a consonant that begins a syllable
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Syllable nucleus
most sonorant part, in some languages, only vowels can be nucleus
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Syllable coda
consonant after a vowel
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Phontactic constraint
restrictions on the type of sound sequences which are allowed in a language
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Mora
- a unit of prosodic weight, related to length
- a long vowel has two moras and a short vowel has one.
- The mora may be a property of both a particular segment and an entire syllable.
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Open syllable
ends in a vowel; coda-less
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Closed syllable
ends in a consonant
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Light syllable
one mora; open (coda-less) syllable with a short vowel
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Heavy syllable
two mora; syllable with a long vowel or a diphthong, or a coda consonant
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Maximal onset principle
put as much into onset as possible
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Prosodic hierarchy
- each lower level is embedded in the higher
- 1. prosodic phrase
- 2. prosodic word
- 3. foot
- 4. syllable
- 5. mora
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Foot
rhythmic unit in phonology
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