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specialized tissue in the wall of the right atrium the initiates cardiac cycles; the pacemaker
sinoatrial node/ SA node
specialized mass of cardiac muscle fibers in the interatrial septum of the heart
atrioventricular node/ AV node
group of specialized fibers that conducts impulses from the atrioventricular node to the Purkinje fibers in the ventricular muscle of the heart
atrioventricular bundle
specialized muscle fibers that conduct the cardiac impulse from the AV bundle into the ventricular wall
Purkinje fibers
is a recording of the electrical changes in the myocardium during the cardiac cycle
electrocardiogram ECG
corresponding to depolarization of the atrial fibers that will lead to contraction of the atria
wave
due to depolarization of the ventricular fibers just prior to the contraction of the ventricular walls
complex
an irregular heartbeat
arrhythmia
an abnormally slow heart rate or pulse rate
bradycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat
bradycardia
the normal beating of the heart, as measured by an electrocardiogram (ECG)
sinus rhythm
is controlled by electrical impulses from the sino-atrial and antrioventriclar nodes
cardiac cycle
sympathetic branches of the ________ _________ ________ innervate smooth muscle in artery and arteriole walls
autonomic nervous system
baroreceptor reflexes of the medulla oblongata maintain balance between inhibitory effects of the parasympathetic fibers
cardiac control center
excess potassium ions alter the usual polarized state of the cardiac muscle fibers
hyperkalemia
if the potassium concentration drops below normal that heart may develop a potentially life threatening abnormal rhythm
hypokalemia
excess calcium ions increases heart action, risking that the heart will undergo a prolonged contraction
hypercalcemia
low calcium concentration depresses heart action because these ions help initiate muscle contraction
hypocalcemia
vessel that transports blood from the heart
artery
small branch of an artery that communicates with a capillary network
arteriole
a small blood vessel that connects an arteriole and a venule
capillaries
vessel that carries blood from capillaries to a vein
venule
vessel taht carries blood toward the heart
vein
decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
increase in the diameter of a blood vessel
vasodilation
hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through a membrane
filtration
How are gases and nutrients exchanged in the capillaries?
diffusion
filtration
osmosis
What helps to maintain the osmotic pressure in the capillaries?
plasma proteins
Which artery is used to determine the pulse?
radial artery
volume of blood the ventricle discharges with each heartbeat
stroke volume
the volume of blood per minute that the heart pumps
cardiac output
How is cardiac output calculated?
multiply stroke colume in mL by the heartrate in beats per minute
How does blood volume affect blood pressure?
any change in blood volume will directly alter blood pressure
the sum of the formed elements and plasma volumes in the vascular system
blood volume
5 liters
friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessels produces a force calls
peripheral resistance
tendency for a fluid to resist flowing due to the internal friction of its molecules
viscosity
amount of blood returning to the ventircles
venous return
How is blood pressure controlled?
by mechanisms that regulate cardiac output and peripheral resistance
the relationship between fiber length due to stretching of the cardiac muscle cell just before contraction and force of contraction is called
Starling Law
What is the function of the baroreceptor?
can detect changes in blood pressure
elevated blood pressure
hypertension
low blood pressure
hypotension
How is blood moved through the veins?
skeletal muscle contraction
breathing movements
vasoconstriction of veins
prevent blood from flowing back and pooling in the lower extremities due to the effects of gravity
venous valves
the pressure in the right atrium from the veins draining into it
central venous pressure
system of blood vessels that carries blood between the heart and the lungs
pulmonary circut
vessels that conduct blood between the heart and all body tissues except the lungs
systemic circuit
What vessels arise from the aortic arch?
brachiocephalic arch
common carotid artery
left subclavian artery
What vessels branch from the thoracic aorta?
bronchial, pericardial, and esophageal arteries
mediastinal arteries
posterior intercostal arteries
What vessels branch from the abdominal aorta?
celiac artery
phrenic arteries
superior mesenteric
supraenal arteries
renal arteries
gonadal arteries
inferior mesenteric artery
lumbar arteries
middle sacral artery
Which veins return blood to the right atrium?
superior and inferior vena cava
Describe what happens to the CVS during the aging process
incidence of disease of the heart and blood vessels increases with age
severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle
angina pectoris
inherited overgrowth of the heart muscle
familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
in which the heart can no longer pump enough blood to the rest of the body
congestive heart failure CHF
Author
JChristie20
ID
14732
Card Set
Chapter 15
Description
Cardiovascular system
Updated
2011-02-21T23:51:37Z
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