lab exam 6

lack a well-defined nucleus
chromosome structure is different

get their food from another organism

live by decaying dead organisms

obtain nutrition from living plants or animals

obtain nutrition from living plants or animals and cause disease in their host

able to make their own food

special procedures that prevent the escape of organisms
prevent contaiminating an established culture

what charge is bacterial cytoplasm

spherical bacterium

rod-shaped bacterium

rigid sprial-shaped bacterium

staining procedure
example of a differential stain

bacteria with a thick wall retain purple stain crystal violet are termed

bacteria with a tin cell wall do not retain crystal violet stain
instead safranin are termed

gummy layer or slime layer that surrounds many bacteria

capsule is made from

capsules aid in:

a survival structure produced by a few genera of bacteria

When do endospores form

thin, helical, hair like filaments that extend outward from the bacterial cell wall

what do bacteria need to grow?

food and water base for cultured microorganisms

solid media are based on a polymer extracted from red algae

pigment production

tumor-like abnormalities on plants

how do galls form?

a modified strain made by removing the tumor-inducing genes from the plasmid and then substitute genes from a different source

absorptive nutrition and reproduce by spores

for dispersal and/or dormant survival

produced by meiosis

produced by mitosis

microscopic tubes of protoplasm constrained by a cell wall

resulting network of hyphae

hyphae are continuous, without crosswalls

hyphae separated at regular intervals with cross-walls

have cell walls made of chitin
nuclei are haploid

list the 5 phyla of fungi

saprotrophs in aquatic environments
parasites of algae
serious plant pathogens
breakdown of plant material
pathogens of amphibians

have a cell wall composed of chitin
lack a true mycelium
typically unicellular
branched chains of cells

this anchors chytrids to their food

the motile spore chytrids produce

*saprotrophs
opportunistic plant parasites
specialized animal parasites
obligate parasites of other zygote fungi

where are zygote fungi common?

intimate mutually-beneficial association with plant roots

Zygomycota are typically _________ that is coencoytic

zygote fungi sexual resting spore

asexual spores are produced inside

commonly called black bread mold

the hyphae that connect the sprangiophores are called

two different strains of mycelia are needed in order for sexual reporduction to occur

organisms that have no restrictions of different strains are called

strands of the + and - strains send out lateral projections

progametangia become walled off and are then termed

commonly found on dung of grazing animals

mycelium forms a basal swelling called

ascomycota

name the fungi with these functions:
* food spoilage
*destruction of paper, fabrics and wood
* dutch elm disease, apple scab, chestnut blight
* human pathogens
* yeasts
* antibiotics

fungi that are single-celled

hyphae in sac fungi are

asexual spores of sac fungi and are non-motile
*also never produced inside a sporangium

composed of cells that contain one nucleus from each parent

dikaryotic hyphae develop into membrane sac called:

fusion of nuclei

fusion of nuclei and meiosis ocur in asci, leads to production of

asci are found in layers in/on fruiting body termed

yellow ascocarp called

blue-gray conidia at the end of hypha

have an opening such as a pore or slit which allows the spores to escape

how many ascospores does each ascus contain:

non-hybrid perithecia ascospore color scheme

hybrid perithecia ascospore color scheme

crossover perithecia color scheme

cup or disc-shaped furiting bodies are called

layer of asci

asci and ascospores line the pits of the cap

simple single cells that do not produce a mycelium or ascocarps

most yeasts reproduce asexually by a process called

List the Zygote Fungi

List the Sac Fungi

List the Club Fungi

List the Deuteromycetes

List the Fungus-like organisms

two genetically distinct haploid nuclei per cell

dikaryotic hyphae usually have structures called

the structure that plays a role in assorting muclei to the daughter cells after mitosis

the site of karyogamy and meiosis

produced and forcibly ejected from a club shaped cell

types of basidiocarps

basiocarp
*white gills and white spores
* annulus and volva

basidiocarp
*pink gills turn brown at maturity
* annulus

basidiocarp
*black spores
* once used for ink

basidiocarp
* gills widely spaced
* thin stalk
* no annulus or volva
* spores are white
* knob in center of cap

basidiocarp
*no gills, pores under cap

basidiocarp
* polypores
* tough and woody
* dead or dying trees

spores are produced inside tiny tubes that open to the surface as pores

basidiocarp
* spores develop inside
* light in color
* single wall layer

basidiocarp
* slimy spore mass
* insects disseminate the spores

basidiocarps
* eggs with thousands of spores

basidiocarp
* hymenium and pores cover outside surface of body
* colorful branching nature

basidiocarps
* gelatinous matrix
* dead tree branches

what are rusts and smuts different from club fungi?

obligate plant parasites that cause extensive damage on hosts

how many spores and hosts is wheat rust associated with?

a rust that infects two different hosts is termed

one-host rusts are referred to as

basidiospores germinate and develop

small falsk-shaped structures on the upper leaf surface

spermagonia produce

the 4 stages of wheat rust

pustules produce rusty-colored

uredia darken to black

teliospore germinate to produce