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What type of cell is this?
-No centrioles
-No lysosomes
-Generally no flagella
-Cell Wall
Plant Cell
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What can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?
- Non-polar molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide, lipids)
- Small polar molecules (Water, ethanol)
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What is fermentation?
- A metabolic pathway that changes pyruvate.
- Energy is obtained from conversion of NADH to NAD
- Allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen
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What is glycolysis?
A metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Occurs in the cytosol. Energy released is used to convert ADP to ATP and NAD to NADH
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What is the output of the citric acid cycle in terms of energy?
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Where does the Citric Acid Cycle take place?
In the Mitochondria
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How many ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose?
36
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What allows transcription to occur?
RNA polymerase
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What does transfer RNA do?
Carries amino acids to ribosomes
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In Prophase I what is most evident?
Chromosomes condense and are found in homologous pairs.
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Define enzyme.
A protein that facilitates a specific chemical reaction.
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What is DNA made of?
A sugar-phosphate backbone with nucleic acid bases.
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Define metabolism
All chemical reactions taking place in an organism
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What is pleiotropy?
When a genotype at a single locus influences more than one trait.
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What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
- Prokaryotic cells do not have a true nucleus.
- Prokaryotic cells have no cytoskeleton
- Cell division for prokaryotic cells is by binary fission.
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What are the three steps of transcription?
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
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What is evident in metaphase I?
Homologous pairs line up
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When does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
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What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate. Used to power the cell.
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How does RNA differ from DNA?
- typically single-stranded
- different sugar
- Composed of guanine, adenine, cytosine and URACIL (not thymine)
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What is transcription?
copying a sequence from DNA onto RNA
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What happens in Anaphase I?
Whole chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends.
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What is a seed?
A plant embryo with food in a protective case
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
- Generates an H+ gradient.
- Converts ADP to ATP
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What does mRNA do?
Carries protein blueprint from DNA to ribosomes.
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What type of cell is this?
-No cell wall
-No plasmodesmata
-No Chloroplasts
-No central vacuole
Animal Cell
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What are the four classes of macromolecules?
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
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What type of cell is this?
-No centrioles
-No chloroplasts
-Cell wall
-Pores between cells
Fungal
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What type of cell is this?
-No true nucleues
-Generally no organelles
-Cell wall
Bacterial
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Meiosis II results in what?
- 4 haploid cells(spermatogenesis)
- 1 haploid ova (oogenesis
-
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg (diploid)
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What is linkage?
Relates to crossing over; the closer loci are to each other, the more likely their traits are to be inherited together
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Monocot or Dicot?
-root xylem in centre
-vascular cambium
-flowerparts in fours/five or multiples
Dicot
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Monocot or Dicot?
-root vascular cylinder relatively small
-leaf with branched veins
-stem vascular bundles in ring
Dicot
-
Monocot or Dicot?
-root xylem in ring
-stem vascular bundles scattered
-flower parts in threes or multiples
Monocot
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Monocot or Dicot?
-root vascular cylinder relatively large
-no vascular cambium
-leaf with parallel veins
Monocot
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What is mycelium?
The body of the fungus, made up of hyphae
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What is a basidiocarp?
The fruiting body of a club fungus
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What is a zygosporangium?
A multinucleate structure in zygomycete fungi where meiosis occurs
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What is homeostasis?
Steady-state condition of the body.
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What are the four basic animal tissue types?
- Epithelial (surface/covering)
- Connective tissue (cells in a matrix)
- Muscle tissue (contracting)
- Nerve tissue (conducting)
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What are the three shapes of epithelial tissue?
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Give three examples of connective tissue
- blood
- cartilage
- bone
- adipose tissue
- fibrous connective tissue (tendons, ligaments)
- loose connective tissue
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What does adipose tissue do?
Pads and insulates body, stores fuel (as fat)
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
-
Which muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements?
Skeletal
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What is the integumentary system?
The outer covering of a mammal's body including hair, skin and nails, claws or hooves
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