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What are the most important minerals stored in bones?
Calcium and Phosphorus
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A round or oval opening in a bone is called a:
Foramen
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A fracture common in osteoporatic bones is:
Compression Fracture
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The Greater Trochanter is located on the:
Femur
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Which type of membrane contains fluid between the visceral and parietal layers?
Serous Membrane
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What is the only dry membrane?
Cutaneous Membrane
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What are dermal papillae?
Fingerlike projections of the dermis into the epidermis.
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What are glycoprotiens?
Substances that make the cell sticky or fuzzy.
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What are Microvilli?
Projections that increase the surface area of the cell.
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What are the 2 types of passive transport?
-
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A solution that contains fewer solutes than the cell is:
Hypotonic
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Phases of Cell Cycle:
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
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Where is reticular connective tissue found?
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Bone Marrow
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What are the main elements in the body?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
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Correct sequence of organization in the human body:
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
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What is a Greenstick Fracture?
Cracking of the bone without actual separation of parts. Common in children.
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What is a Comminuted fracture?
Fracture where bone fragments into many pieces.
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What does the Dorsal Cavity contain?
- Cranial Cavity
- Vertebral Canal
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What does the Ventral Cavity contain?
- Thoracic Cavity
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
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What are the 4 types of energy?
- Chemical
- Electrical
- Mechanical
- Radiant
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What is chemical energy and how is it created?
The type of energy found in the body, created when bonds are broken.
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What is mechanical energy?
Involved in movement - matter and the body.
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What is an atom and what are the 3 types?
Building block of matter.
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What is the Atomic Number?
Number of protons in an atom.
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What is atomic mass?
Number of protons and neurtrons.
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What is an isotope?
- Different number of neutrons
- Same number of protons
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What is atomic weight?
Close to the mass number of the most abundant isotope of the atom.
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What is an electron shell called when isn't filled?
Reactive
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What is an electron shell called when it is filled?
Stable
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3 Types of chemical bonds:
- 1. Ionic
- 2. Covalent
- 3. Hydrogen
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What are ionic bonds?
Electrons completely transfer from one atom to another
-
What are covalent bonds?
Electrons are shared between 2 atoms.
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What are hydrogen bonds?
Weakest chemical bond.
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What is an Ion?
Atom that has an electrical charge
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What are the 2 types of ions?
- Cations - Positive
- Anions - Negative
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What is a reactant?
Starting material that undergoes a change during a chemical reaction.
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What is a product?
The result of a chemical reaction.
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What is synthesis?
2 or more molecules bond to form a more complex structure.
A + B = AB
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What is decomposition?
Bonds of a molecule break to form simpler molecules.
AB > A + B
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What is an exchange reaction?
Molecules change position as bonds are broken.
AB + CD > AC + BD
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What is a reversible reaction?
Product that an change back to its orginal state
A + B <> AB
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What is an acid?
Electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions.
H+
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What is a base?
Substances that combine with hydrogen ions.
OH-
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pH Scale
0 - 6 = Acid
7 = Neutral
8 - 14 = Base/Alkaline
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What do electrolytes do?
Release ions in water.
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What is the pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
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What is Alkalosis and what are the symptoms?
Blood pH of 7.5 - 7.8
Symptoms: Agitated and Dizzy
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What is Acidosis and its symptoms?
Blood pH of 7.0 - 7.3
Symptoms: Disoriented and Fatigued
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What is a buffer?
A chemical that resists a pH change.
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How are salts formed?
As a reaction between acids and bases
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What are Organic Molecules and some Examples?
Anything that contains Carbon and Hydrogen.
Example:
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Protiens
- Nucleic Acids
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What are inorganic molecules and some examples?
Don't contain carbon.
Examples:
-
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
Heads are hydrophillic and love water
Tails are hydrophobic and hate water
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What are monosaccharides?
-
What are disaccharides?
2 Simple Sugars:
- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
- Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
- Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
-
What are polysaccharides?
-
What are lipids?
Fats that are nonsoluable in water, but soluable in organic solvents.
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What are protiens made of?
Amino Acids
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What are nucleic acids and what do they do?
5 carbons sugars that control cell activities.
-
What makes up DNA/RNA?
Nucleotide Bases such as:
- Adenonine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
- Thymine
- Uracil
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3 parts of a cell:
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm
- Cell Membrane
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What is histology?
Study of tissues
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What are ribosomes?
Organelle made of protien and located in the cytoplasm and rough ER.
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What is rough ER?
Organelle that hold Ribosomes.
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What is smooth ER?
Organelle that makes cholesterol and detoxifies the body.
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What is the Golgi Apparatus?
Organelle that modifies and packages protiens, and creates secretory vescicles.
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What is the mitochondria?
Organelle that supplies energe to the cell.
-
What is a lysosome?
Sac that contains enzymes and eats things up in the cell.
-
What does a peroxisome do?
Detoxify harmful chemicals.
-
What are centrioles?
Rod shaped bodies of microtubules within the cell.
-
What does cilia do?
move things across the cell surface
-
What unit are cells measured in?
- Micormeters
- 1/1000 of a meter
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3 Regions of the Nucleus
- Nuclear Membrane
- Chromatin
- Nucleolus
-
What is cytoplasm?
Liquid part of cytosol, located outside of nucleus.
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What is active transport?
Transport that uses energy.
-
What is passive transport?
Transport that doesn't use energy.
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What are the 3 types of diffusion?
- Osmosis
- Simple diffiusion
- Facilitated
-
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water.
-
What is simple diffusion?
Requires no help.
-
What is facilitated diffusion?
Requires help, but no energy.
-
What is filtration?
Solutes forced through a membrane by fluid or Hydrostatic pressure
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What is an isotonic solution?
Solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids.
-
What is a hypertonic solution?
Solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.
-
What is a hyptonic solution?
Solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
-
What are the 2 active transport processes?
- 1. solute pumping
- 2. bulk transport
-
How is solute pumping energized?
By ATP
-
3 types of Bulk Transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
- Transcytosis
-
What does endocytosis do?
Take things into the cell
-
What are the 2 types of endocytosis?
- phagocytosis - eats
- pinocytosis - drinks
-
What is exocytosis?
Moving things out of the cell
-
What is transcytosis?
Moving things across the cell
-
What happens during Prophase?
Chromatin becomes chromasomes
-
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes align in the middle.
-
What happens during Anaphase?
Chromosomes separate and pull towards the end of the cell
-
What happens in telophase?
Forms 2 daughter nuclei
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4 types of body tissue:
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
- Muscle
-
How is epithelium classified?
# of layers
shape
-
3 shapes of tissues:
Squamous - flat
Cubodial - cub
Columnar - column
-
What tissue lines body cavaties?
Simple Squamous
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What tissue is common in glands and lines walls of kidneys and ovaries?
Simple cubodial
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What tissue lines the digestive tract and produces mucous?
Simple columnar
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What tissue lines the mouth, skin and esophagus?
Stratified Squamous
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What is transitional epithelium?
Shape of cells depend on stretch of tissue, like the urinary tract.
-
What type of gland is ductless?
Endocrine
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What kind of gland has ducts?
Exocrine
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3 Types of connective tissue:
-
What is bone made of?
Oseous tissue
-
What kind of connective tissue supports the ear?
Elastic Cartilage
-
What type of connective tissue are vertebral discs made of?
Fibrocartilage
-
2 types of dense connective tissue:
- Tendons - connect muscle to bone
- Ligaments - connect bone to bone
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How does epitheleal and fibrous tissues repair themselves?
Easily.
-
How does skeletal tissue repair itself?
Poorly
-
How does cardiac muscle and nervous tissue repair themselves?
Poorly, forms scar tissue.
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3 types of epitheleal membranes:
-
What is the cutaneous membrane?
Dry membrane of the skin.
-
What is a mucous membrane?
Membrane that lines all body cavities that open to the exterior
-
What is a serous membrane?
Lines body cavities that are closed to the surface.
-
What are the 3 specific serous membranes?
- Peritoneum
- Pleura
- Pericardium
-
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
-
Determinants of critical burns:
Over 25% has 2nd degree burns
Over 10% has 3rd degree burns
3rd degree burns on face, hands or feet
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What is a basal cell carcinoma?
Least malignant of skin cancer
-
What is a squamous cell carcinoma?
Carcinoma of the lymph nodes that arises from the stratum spinosm
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ABCD Rule
- Assymmetry
- Border Irregularity
- Color
- Diameter
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