Andy bio 8

emergence of a # of lineages from a single ancestral species

a subst. of valine (GUA or GUG) for glutamic acid (GAA or GAG) in the coding of Hb

• early embryonic mitotic divisions that lead to an inc. in cell number not not cell protoplasm
• 1st cleavage 32 hours after fertilization
• 2nd 60 hours
• 3rd 72 (at which point the 8 celled embryo reaches the uterus)

derived from the iodination of aa tyrosine necessary for growth and neuro development of children (increase rate of metabolism)

the response learned through pavlovian conditioning

• 20% of blood plasma entering glomerulus forced into surrounding bowman's capsule
• filtrateis is isotonic with blood plasma
• blood cells, proteins, and albumin remain in circulation system

• produced by : testes, ovaries, placenta, and adrenal cortex
• Bind to: specific receptor proteins in the cytoplasm
• Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus and binds to receptors on chromatin affecting transcription and future translation.
• estrogen and aldosterone

Existing cartilage is replaced by bone

proteins produced by cells under viral attack. They diffuse to other cells to prevent the spread of the virus

(outer portion of the brain)

• eel-like, retain the notochord
• cartilaginous internal skeleton
• sucking mouth

include class Agnatha (ex. lamprey, hagfish)

the "startle response" and the many neurons involved.

• in meiosis homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell '
• during anaphase

• slime molds often placed in fungi but more related to protists
• coenocytic (many nuclei) mass of protoplasm
• animal like and plant like life stages
• reproduce asexually by sporulation

• amylase
• trypsin-protein digestion
• Lipase

• A hormone released by stomach when food ingested
• Gastrin carried to gastric glands where stimulates secretion of HCl

• Adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland
• stimulates productino of glucocorticoids and sex steroids but does not control aldosterone
• Regulated by: CRF (cortic trophin releasing factor)

• primitive CNS
• central nerve cord
• anterior brain of fused ganglia
• definite nerve pathways lead from receptors to effecters

• In females---stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum
• In males----stimulates interstitial cells to synthesize testosterone

lines the walls of the stomach and secretes mucus which protects the stomach linging from acidity. Also secrete pepsin, and HCl

open circulatory systems--blood in direct contact with tissues. Blood flows through a dorsal vessel and into spaces called sinuses where exhange occurs

• (Coelenterates)
• have a gastrovascular cavity (digestive sac closed at one end)
• 2 layers of cells (ectoderma and endoderm)

ex. hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral