Andy Bio 5

• musculoskeletal system, circulatory and excretory system, gonads, connective tissue, parts of digestive and respiratory organs.
• -not present in Cnidarians, porifera
• -Is present in platyhelmonths, nematoda, annelida

epithelial linings of respiratory and digestive tracts; parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, bladder lining

• released by small intestine when acidic food enters.
• Stimulates: secretion of an alkaline bicarbonate solution from pancreas to neutralize the acidic chyme.

• much less dense than compact bone
• interconnecting lattice of bony "spicules" (trabeculae)
• cavities between spicules filled with yellow and or red bone marrow

• are haploid
• because of this meiosis does not occur

• Synthesizes and secrets organic constituents of the bone matrix
• once surrounded by their matrix they mature into osteocytes

• 4
• 2 by glycolysis
• 1 per turn of TCA cycle

• Hydrostatic skeletons
• Muscles in flatworms (ie planaria) are arranged in 2 antagonistic layers---longitudinal and circular
• Muscles contract against incompressible fluid termed hydrostatic skeleton!
• Contraction of circular layer--lenthens animal
• contraction of longitudinal layer---shortens animal

populations of different living plants and animals interacting

• area of retina densely packed with cones
• imp for high acuity vision

decomposing organic material found in soil

one organism benefits/other is not affected

• PNS---ganglia
• CNA---nuclei
• a network of nerve fibers is a Plexus

jelly like material filling eye helps maintain shape of eye

• directly stimulate target organs
• ---GH (somatotropin)
• prolactin

once implanted in the uterus the single cell layer of the blastula is transferred into the 3 layered gastrula

turn ammonia (NH₃) to N₂

area near the edge of the sarcomere where are only thin actin filament

• in response to stress (ACTH...produced by A.P.) stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesizes and secrete cortico steroids. These include
• Glucocorticoids
• Mineral corticoids
• Cortical sex hormones

removal of ammonia (toxic) from aa's

• CO₂ occurs directly through moist skin
• two pairs of nephridia in each segment excrete water, mineral salts, and nitrogenous wastes in form of urea

Glucose + 2 ADP +2 Pi +2 NAD⁺ + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H + 2H₂O

• G---sexually (produces gametes by Mitosis)
• S----asexually (spores which grow into gametophytes)

turn N₂ into NO^-₃ (nitrates) which absorbed by plants.