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What are the 2 primary approaches to science. and give an example of each
- 1.Discovery/Observational- scientific theory based on observation
- (Mendel peas usually look alike in a garden but not always)
- 2. Hypothesis-driven/Expermental- testable observation
- (Mendal grew 30,000 pea plants and found them to have different colors and shapes)
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5 steps to scientific method:
Observation..Question..Hypothesis…Experiment…Conclusion
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Describe
Louis Pasteur experiment on the source of living material using the 5 step of
the scientific method:
- 1. Observation-bacteria spoils milk
- 2. Question-do cells arise from other cells.
- 3. Hypothesis-All cells from cells
- 4. Experiment-Pasteur had to treatment groups a broth that was exposed to preexisting cells
- and one that wasn’t.
- 5. Conclusion-cells formed due to preexisting
- cells not from nonliving material
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What's the difference between hypothesis and prediction
1. Hypothesis: a proposed explanation
- 2. Prediction: Something that can be
- tested and is correct if the hypothesis is valid
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What is Cell Theory?
Cells form from other cells, and are a fundamental unit of structure, function and organization in all living organisim
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What is the Theory of Evolution
- All species are connected by common
- ancestry.
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Who was responsible for the Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection?
Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace
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What are the 2 requirements for Natural Selection?
- 1. Individuals within a population can vary in traits that are heritable
- 2. Depending on an individual’s environmental conditions certain heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than others
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What’s the difference between evolutionary change and Natural selection?
Evolutionary change affect populations and Natural selection affects individuals.
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What is the definition of fitness?
The ability of an individual to produce off spring
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What is the definition of adaption?
A trait that increases the fitness in a certain environment
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What is the definition of population?
A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.
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What is speciation?
The evolution of 2 or more species from 1 species.
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What is the difference between Allopatric vs. Sympatric speciation?
Allopatric is when geographical isolation creates a reproductive barrier, and Sympatric is when something other then geographic isolation creates a reproductive barrier
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What are the implication of speciation?
All species past and present trace their ancestry back to one single ancestor
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What are the two types of classification of organisms?
Linnean trees and Phylogentetic Trees
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What's the difference between Linnean trees and Phylogenetic trees?
Linnean trees give each organism its own place at the end of the tree while relating all living things to each other. Phylogentic tree shows relation between species. The closer the branches the closer the relation between species.
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What are the three domains of the phylogenetic tree
Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya
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What is Electronegativity
The ability for a atom to attract electrons from another atom that its bonded to.
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If atoms are shared equally between each other they are?
non polar covalent bonds
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If atoms are are unequally shared between each other they are?
polar covalent bond
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What is an ion?
A atom or molecule that carries a charge
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What is ionic bond
The transfer of an electron, and resulting in a full charge.
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What is Cohesion?
Hydrogen bonds to itself, bonding between like molecules
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What is Adhesion?
Hydrogen bonds to other polar molecules, boding between unlike molecules
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What is specific heat?
The amount of energy it takes to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1C
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What are the physical properties of Amino
Acts as a base and attracts a proton
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What are the physical properties of Carboxyl
Acts as a acid and tends to lose a proton
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What are the physical properties of Hydroxyl
Highly polar,acts as a weak acid, and drops a proton
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What are the four major biological molecules?
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids, and fats
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What are some functions of proteins?
Defense against viruses, Movement, support for cells
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What is a peptide bond
the C-N bond
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Long chains with Hydrocarbon are associated with?
Hydrophobic molecules
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What feature of amino acids will have optical isomers?
A Carbon with four different atoms or groups attached
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What is a structural isomer?
Differs in the order which atoms are attached
-
What is geometric isomer?
Differ in the arrangement of atoms around a double bond
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2 amino acids form_______by________
peptide bonds; condensation or dehydration
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What are the 3 types of secondary structure?
Alpha helix, Beta pleated, random coil
-
What kind of bonds occur in a tetiary structre?
Hydrogen bond, van der Waals, Disulfide bond(covalent), Ionic bond
-
A base(NaOH)_____H+
absords
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An acid(HCI)_______H+
produces
-
What is Homeostasis
The array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions in an animals cells, tissue and organs
-
What did the Urey-Miller experiment demonstrate?
it demonstrated that amino acids could form spontaneously under certain conditions and amino acids are the bldg. blocks of protiens
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What are the 2 types of nucleic acids
RNA and DNA
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Nucleic acids are made up of monomers called?
nucleotides
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What are the 3 components of nucleotides?
Sugar, Phosphate group and Nitrogen base
-
What are the 4 ribonucleotides?
ACGU
-
What are the 4 dexoyribonucleotides
ACGT
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What is the bond between nucleotides in DNA and RNA?
Phosphodiester linkage
-
What nitrogeneous bases are in ribonucleotides?
AGCU
-
What are the nitrogenous bases in deoxyribonucleotides
AGCT
-
What do ribozymes catalyze?
Hydrolysis and condensation of phophodiester linkage
-
What do all sugars have in common?
Carbonyl group and hydroxyl group
-
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
-
What connects monosaccharides?
glycosidic linkages
-
Cellulose is a polymer of?
Beta Glucose
-
Starch and glycogen are polymers of?
Alpha glucose
-
What is Chitin?
A polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi
-
What is the definition of lipids
non polar, hydrophobic, carbon containing compounds
-
What is the name of the linkage between fatty acid and glycerol?
Ester linkage
-
which fatty acid is considered good?
Cis
-
Which fatty acids are bad
Trans
-
What are the 3 kinds of sterols?
estrogen, testosterone,cholesterol
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What is the definition of amphipathic? And give an example.
Compounds that contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic element.(phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails)
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Ions don’t_____ through- CL+, Na-.
pass
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Large Uncharged Molecules ___________through-glucose, sucrose
don’t pass
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Small Uncharged Polar molecules _______through- H2O, Urea, Glycerol
pass
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Hydrophobic Molecules _______through- 02, N2, CO2
pass
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What is a Micelles and what is it made of
- Micelles are short circular hydrocarbon side
- chains(circular with water on outside but none inside)
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