Psycholgy

a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

learnign that certian events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

the view that psychology

1. should be an objective science

2.studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Most research psychologist today agree with 1 but not with 2

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the uncondtioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is int he mouth

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus CS

in classical conditioning, an originally irrevelant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response

in classical conditioning, the inital stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begiins triggering the conditioned response.

in operant conditioning, the threngthening of a reinforces response

a procedure in ehich the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often wearker) condiioned stumulus.

example---an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

the diminidhing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

the reappearance, after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distingusih between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

a type of learning in which behavior is strenghtened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

behavior that operates on the enviorment, producing consequences

Thorndike's prinicple that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (aka Skinners box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A postive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens te response

• increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stiluli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that. when removed after a response, strenghtens the response
• (not a punishment)

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

reinforceing the desired response evvery time it occurs

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

in operant conditioning, a reingorcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response inly after a specified time as elapsed

in operant conditioining, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

a mental representation of the layout of one's enviroment, For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have already learned a cognitive map of it

learning that occurs but is not apparent untill there is an incentive to demonstrate it

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

a desire to perform a behavior to recieve promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

learning by observing others

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certian actions or when observing another doing so . The brains mirroring of anothers action may enable imitation and empathy.

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior