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What does the GI tract include? (7)
MPESSLA
"Most People Eat So Shitty (they have) Large Asses"
- 1) Mouth
- 2) Pharynx
- 3) Esophagus
- 4) Stomach
- 5) Small intestine
- 6) Large Intestine
- 7) Anus
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What are the Acessory digestive organs? (6)
TTGSLP
- 1) Teeth
- 2) Tongue
- 3) Gallbladder
- 4) Salivary Glands
- 5) Liver
- 6) Pancreas
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Where does the alimentary canal open?
Open to the external environment at BOTH ends.
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What is the purpose fo the Digestive System? (2)
1) Acquire nutrients
2) and Water
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Where is alcohol absorbed?
Where are nutrients and fats absorbed?
-->After absorption, which system do they pass into?
What is absorbed by the large intestine? (3)
Alcohol: stomach
- Nutrients/fats: small intesting
- -->After absorption, pass into they lymphatic system.
- --->Fat then goes to CIRCULATORY system.
- Large intestine:
- 1) water
- 2) electrolytes
- 3) vitamins
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After nutrients are absorbed, where are they passed into of the digestive system?
Nutrients pass through the VEINS of the digestive system and then go into the LIVER.
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What is the sigmoid colon a storage site for?
A storages site for FECES.
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Activities of Digestion.
6 essential food-processing activities of the Digestive System
What is #1?
Ingestion is taking food into mouth.
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Activities of Digestion.
6 essential food-processing activities of the Digestive System.
What is #2?
Propulsion = swallowing (partly voluntary) and peristalsis (involuntary movement of food).
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Activities of Digestion.
What is #3?
- Mechanical digestion:
- -Chewing, churning food in stomach, and segmentation.
- -Occurs in MOUT, STOMACH, and SMALL INTESTINE.
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Activities of Digestion.
What is #4?
- Chemical digestion (breaks down the food material to molecules)
- -Occurs in MOUTH, STOMACH, and SMALL INTESTINE.
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Activites of Digestion.
What is #5?
- Absorption:
- -Transporting nutrients/electrolytes/water into veins; and fats into the lymphatics.
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Activities of Digestion.
What is #6?
- Defacation:
- -elimintion of indigestible substances.
Note: food passes through the GI tract and the body takes what it needs.
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Histological organization of the Digestive System.
The organization for the entire length of the GI tract is: (4)?
- 1) Mucosa (true epithelium + lamina propria + muscularsis mucosae)
- Note: Epithelium is either Stratified Squamous or Simple Columnar.
2) Submucosa: different card*
3) Muscularis externa (muscularis) - smooth muscle
4) Serosa (mesothelium) or adventitia
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Histological organization of the Digestive System.
What is does the Submucosa contain? (4)
- 1) Arteries
- 2) Veins
- 3) Nerves
- 4) Mucus glands (sometimes).
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Enteric ("internal organ" or intestine) Nervous Plexes (independent control of digestion).
Contain what 2 layers? Define them also.
1) Submucosal: signals submucosal glands to secrete AND. muscularis mucosae to contract.
- 2) Myenteric (myo = muscle + enteric "internal organ")
- -located between the Circular and Longitudinal layers of Muscularis Externa.
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Of Submucosal or Myenteric Enteric Nervous Plexes, which controls peristalsis & segmentation?
Peristalsis & Segmentation is controlled by "myenteric".
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What are the 4 mucosal types in the GI tract?
What are their function?
1) Protective: Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus & anal canal.
2) Secretory: secretes mucus.
3) Absorptive: absorbing nutrients (small intestine)
- 4) Absorptive/Protective:
- -Absorbs water/electrolytes switching to stratified squamous
- -Absorptive-cells in large intestine, stratified squamous in anal canal.
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What are the 4 mucosal types in the GI tract composed of?
1) Protective: Stratified Squamous Epithelium
2) Secretory: Simple Columnar Epithelium
3) Absorptive: Simple Columnar Cells
4) Absorptive/Protective: Simple Columnar Cells.
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Divisions of Alimentary Canal.
Oral Cavity (mouth):
What is the alveolar ridge?
What is a vestibule?
What is a frenulum? (also, distinguish between the Labial and Lingual frenulum)
Alveolar Ridge: the line between the tooth and gum.
Vestibule: space between the lip and the alveolar ridge.
- Frenulum: a fold.
- -labial: lip to the gum
- -lingul: tongue to floor of oral cavitiy.
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Of the oral cavity, where do the salivary glands open?
Open under the TONGUE or through the CHEEK.
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What is the roof of the oral cavity formed by? (2)
Which does the "uvula" hang from?
1) hard palate (maxillary & palatine bones)
2) soft palate
*Uvula hangs from the soft palate
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The soft palate contain what 2 lateral arches?
Where is the palatine tonsil?
1) Palatoglossal arch: from the palate to the tongue
2) Palatopharyngeal arch: from palate to pharynx.
*Palatine tonsil is between the two arches.
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Of the oral cavitiy, what are the lips formed from?
What are the cheeks formed from?
Lips: formed from Orbicularis Oris
Cheeks: formed from Buccinator muscle.
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I. Tongue.
What is the tongue covered by? (hint: not taste buds!)
The tongue is covered with PAPILLAE "nipples".
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II. Tongue
What are the 3 tyeps of "papillae"?
1) Filiform (L. "filament" + "shape")
2) Fungiform (L. fungi = "fungus or mushroom" + "shape")
3) Circumvallate (L. circa = "around" + vallum = "a rampart or wall")
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III. Tongue
Of Filiform, Fungiform, or Circumvallate:
-Which resembes pointed cones?
-Most numerous?
-No tastebuds?
-Resemble mushrooms?
-Has tastebuds?
-Resembles a circular wall?
-Also has taste buds?
Filiform: cones, most numerous, NO tastebuds
Fungiform: mushrooms, TASTE BUDS.
Circumvallate: circular wall, TASTE BUDS.
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Salivary Glands.
Function?
Consists of what 3 glands and contained cells?
Function: Produce and deposit saliva into oral cavity.
1) Parotid (para = near + otic = ear): Serous cells:
2) Sublingual (sub=under + lingual = tongue): Mucous cells
3) SubMandibular (sub = uner + mandible): Serous & Mucous cells
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Of the Parotid, serous cells, what are its 2 characteristics?
-What muscle does the Parotid duct pass through?
Of the Sublingual, mucous cells, what is its function?
- Parotid:
- 1) Secrete amylase (carbohydrase to digest carb)
- 2) Lysozymes (to lyse bacteria)
*Parotid duct passes through buccinator muscle
Sublingual; mucous cells: secrete lots of mucus for lubrication.
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Teeth (hint at bottome of card)
How many incisors, canine, premolars, molars, and their functions?
(hint: 2,1,2,3)
Incisors: 2; (an incision, cut)
Canine: 1; canis "dog"; for shearing and tearing
Premolars: 2 (pre = before; molar)
Molars: 3 (molar = "to mill or grind")
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