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What are the functions of the nervous system?
- 1. Sensor Input - monitor changes in and outside of the body.
- 2. Integration - decide if action is needed in response to changes in or outside the body.
- 3. Motor Output - Reponse to stimuli.
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What 2 systems is the Nervous System divided into?
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What are the parts of the central nervous system?
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What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System?
All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
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What are the subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
- 1. Sensory (afferent)
- 2. Motor (efferent)
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What does the afferent or sensory division of the peripheral nervous system do?
Carry information to the central nervous system.
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What does the motor or efferent division of the peripheral nervous system do?
Carry impulses away from the central nervous system.
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What are the 2 subdivisions of the efferent or motor division of the peripheral nervous system?
- 1. Somatic - voluntary
- 2. Autonomic - involuntary
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What are Astrocytes?
Abundant, star shaped support cells in the nervous tissue that control the chemical environment of the brain.
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What are Microglia?
Support cell of the nervous tissue that is shaped like a spider and disposes of debris.
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What are Ependymal Cells?
Support cells of the nervous tissue that line the cavaties of the brain and spinal cord, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
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What are Oligodendrocytes?
Cells that produce the myelin sheath found around nerve fibers in the central nervous system.
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What do satellite cells do?
Protect neuron cell bodies?
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What are Schwann Cells?
Cells that form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.
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What are the major regions of a neuron?
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What does the cell body of a neuron contain?
- Nucleus
- Nissl Substance (a specialized rough endoplasymic reticulum)
- Neurofibrils (cytoskeleton that maintains cell shape)
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What do the process of a neuron contain?
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What are Dendrites?
Fibers that conduct impulses toward the cell body.
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What are Axons?
Fibers that conduct impulses away from the cell body.
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What is an Axon Terminal, and what does it do?
An Axon Terminal is the "end" of an axon, and it contains neurotransmitters to carry the impulse forward.
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What is a synaptic cleft in the nervous system?
A gap between neurons.
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What is a synapse?
A junction between nerves.
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What are the 2 types of nerve fiber coverings?
- 1. Schwann Cells
- 2. Nodes of Ranvier
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What do Schwann Cells do?
Produce Myelin
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What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in the myelin sheath along the axon.
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What are the functional classifications of neurons?
- 1. Sensory (afferent)
- 2. Motor (efferent)
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What is the correct order of the Reflex Arc?
- 1. Receptor
- 2. Afferent
- 3. Integration Center
- 4. Efferent
- 5. Effector
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What are the 2 types of reflexes?
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What do autonomic reflexes control?
- 1. Smooth muscle regulation
- 2. Heart and blood pressure
- 3. Regulation of glands
- 4. Digestive System
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What do Somatic Rlexes control?
Activation of skeletal muscles.
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Where does the CNS (Central Nervous System) develop?
The embryonic neural tube.
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What does the Embryonic Neural Tube become?
The brain and spinal cord.
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What does the opening of the Embryonic Neural Tube become?
The 4 brain ventricles located in the brain, and filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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What are the 4 Regions of the brain?
- 1. Cerebral Hemispheres
- 2. Diencephalon
- 3. Brain Stem
- 4. Cerebellum
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What are the cerebral hemispheres?
Left and right superior parts of the brain, which includes more than half of the brains mass.
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What is the surface of the brain made of?
- 1. Gyri - ridges
- 2. Sulci - grooves
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What do fissures do?
Divide the brain into lobes.
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Wha are the 4 Surface lobes of the Cerebrum?
- 1. Frontal
- 2. Parietal
- 3. Occipital
- 4. Temporal
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What does the Somatic Sensory Area of the cerebrum do?
Receives impulses from the body's receptors.
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What does the Primary Motor Area of the cerebrum do?
Sends impulses to the skeletal muscles.
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What does Broca's Area do?
Helps us speak.
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Where is the Primary Motor area of the brain?
The Frontal Lobe.
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Where is the Primary Sensory Area of the brain?
The Parietal Lobe
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What Cerebral areas are involved in special senses?
- 1. Gustatory (taste)
- 2. Visual
- 3. Auditory
- 4. Olfactory
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Where is the Visual Area of the brain?
Occipital Lobe
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Where is the Olfactoray, Auditory and Gustatory area of the brain?
Temporal Lobe.
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What are the layers of the Cerebrum?
- 1. Gray Matter - Outer layer
- 2. White matter - Inner Layer
- 3. Basal Nuclei - Internal islands of gray matter.
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Which layer of the brain is mylenated?
- Myelinated - white matter
- Unmyelinated - gray matter
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What are the 3 parts of the Diencephalon?
- 1. Thalamus
- 2. Hypothalamus
- 3. Epithalamus
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What is the thalamus and what does it do?
Its the relay station for sensory impulses and it transfers them to the correct part of the cortex.
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What is the hypothalmus?
It is an important part of the autonomic nervous system, and it helps regulate body temperature, metabolism, blood pressure, emotions and water balance.
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What gland is attached to the hypothalamus?
The pituitary gland.
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What does the Epithalamus do?
Houses the pineal gland and choroid plexus.
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What does the choroid plexus do?
Form cerebrospinal fluid.
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What are the 3 parts of the brain stem?
- 1. Midbrain
- 2. Pons
- 3. Medulla Oblongata
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What does the midbrain do?
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What does the Midbrain control?
Reflex centers for vision and hearing.
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What does the Pons control?
Breathing.
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What does the Medulla Oblongata control?
- Heart rate
- Blood pressure regulation
- Breathing
- Swallowing
- Vomiting
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What does the Cerebellum do?
Coordinate body movements.
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What protects the Central Nervous System?
- Scalp and Skin
- Skull and Vertebral Column
- Meninges
- Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Blood Brain Barrier
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What are the 3 layers of the Meninges?
- 1. Dura Mater
- 2. Arachnoid Mater
- 3. Pia Mater
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What are the layers of the Dura Mater?
Periosteum - attached to surface of the skull
Meningeal Layer - Outer covering of the brain
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What is Cerebrospinal Fluid and where is it located?
It forms a watery cushion to protect the brain, and is circulated in the arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord.
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What is the Blood Brain Barrier?
The BBB keeps bad things out of the brain and good thing in the brain.
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Things that can cross the BBB?
- Alcohol
- Nicotine
- Respiratory Gases
- Anesthesia
- Fats and soluable molecules
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3 Traumatic Brain Injuries:
- 1. Concussion
- 2. Contusion
- 3. Cerebral Edema
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What is a concussion?
Slight brain injury with no permanent damage.
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What is a contusion?
Nervous tissue destruction occurs and does not regenerate.
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What is a Cerebral Edema?
Swelling in the brain, my compress and kill brain tissue.
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What is a Cerebral Vascular Accident and what causes it?
Stroke, usually caused from a blood clot.
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What is Alzheimers Disease?
A progressive degenerative disease that causes abnormal protien deposits and twisted fibers in neurons. Often results in memory loss.
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Where is the Spinal Cord located in the body?
Extends from the Medulla Oblongata to T12.
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What is the Cauda Equina?
A collection of spinal nerves below T12.
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Where is the white and gray matter in the spinal cord?
Opposite from the brain, gray matter is on the inside and white matter is on the outside.
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What is the central cavity of the spinal cord fill with?
Cerebrospinal fluid.
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What covers the spinal cord?
Meninges.
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What is a nerve?
A bundle of neuron fibers.
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What surrounds a neuron fiber?
Endoneurium
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What are groups of neuron fibers called?
Fasciles
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How are fasciles bound together?
Epineurium
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What are the Cranial Nerves?
12 pairs of nerves, numbered in order, front to back, in the brain.
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How many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
The involuntary branch of the nervous sytem, divided into 2 subdivisions.
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What are the 2 subdivisions othe autonomic nervous system?
- Sympathetic - fight or flight
- Parasympathetic - rest and digest
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