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Basic functional units of kidney
nephrons
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regulates blood levels of sodium and potassium
Aldosterone
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contains thyroxine and calcitonin
Thyroid gland
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cells in wall of small intestine produce
secretin hormone
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28-day menstrual cycle plus pregnancy- Day 21
- Zygote has traveled the length of the oviduct and has implanted into endometrium to form the placenta. This is the first critical time of every pregnancy. The pituitary is producing high levels of LH causing the corpus luteum to produce high levels of progesterone. High levels of progesterone feedback negatively on the pituitary to shut off LH.
- To save this pregnancy, the placenta which has just formed begins to produce chorionic gonadotropin which takes the place of falling levels of LH. It stimulates the corpus luteum to continue its production of progesterone.
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All male accessory glands do what?
Produce male accessory gland fluid + sperm= semen
-
responsible for secondary sex characteristics (changes at puberty)
estrogen
-
- Females:
- causes uterine contraction= labor contractions
- causes milk-letdown
- responsible for mother/baby bonding
- Males:
- responsible for male/female bonding
Oxytocin
-
28-day menstrual cycle- no pregnancy- Day 5
- Anterior lobe of pituitary release FSH
- causes all 400,000 primary oocytes to begin a developmental "race."
- Causes all ovarian follicles to produce estrogens
-
urinary tract infections= ?
Symptoms= ?
- Prostatitis; Symptoms=
- Frequent urination
- Burning upon urination
- Blood in urine
- Slow urine stream
-
sugar diabetes (insulin)= ?
symptoms=?
Diabetes mellitus and symptoms are frequent urination and thirst
-
sperm production
spermatogenesis
-
responsible for metabolic rate
Thyroxine
-
- Results from hormones prolactin and oxytocin
- First three days= colosseum
- milk laxative
- transports mother's antibodies to baby to prevent infection
Lactation
-
Sense of taste
Taste "buds"
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How is hormone output regulated?
Negative feedback
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A series of endocrine glands
Endocrine system
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The thyroid gland and the parathyroid gland are found in what part of the body?
Neck
-
28-day menstrual cycle- no pregnancy- Day 12
High levels of FSH have caused follicles to produce high levels of estrogens. High levels of estrogens feedback negatively on pituitary to shut off FSH.
-
responsible for reabsorption of H20 from DCT and CD
vasopressin
-
connection between mother and baby
placenta
-
when zygote implants at a site other than the endometrium
Ectopic pregnancy
-
28-day menstrual cycle plus pregnancy- Day 5
- Anterior lobe of pituitary release FSH
- causes all 400,000 primary oocytes to begin a developmental "race."
- Causes all ovarian follicles to produce estrogens
-
gastrin hormone and secretin hormone are found in what portion of the body?
Abdominal cavity
-
contains chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone
placenta
-
stimulation hormone= signals thyroid to release hormones
Thyroid
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To save pregnancy from the end of the third month through the remaining 6 months of pregnancy...
the placenta produces progesterone
-
Journey of sperm to site of conception
- Bacteria in vagina produce acid waste products which kill tens of millions of sperm
- Sperm must swim through cervical mucus= tens of millions get stuck and die
- Sperm must swim 4th length of uterus= tens of millions die
- Sperm must swim 4th length of oviduct= tens of millions die
- Sperm must swim against the current produced by beating cilia in oviduct
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Hypo-function of somatotropin=
dwarfism
-
Sensory receptors
- Integumentary system
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- Hair plexus
-
large in young but gets smaller with age; produces thymosin hormone which activates white blood cells to fight infection
Thymus gland
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regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
Calcitonin
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signals pancreas to produce 6 enzymes
secretin hormone
-
Three processes that allow nephrons to remove metabolic wastes
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion
-
28-day menstrual cycle- no pregnancy- Day 28
Falling levels of LH and progesterone cause a reduction of blood flow to the endometrium. The endometrium dies and is called Necrotic endometrium.
-
parathyroid hormone is found in..
Parathyroid glands
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hyper-function of thyroxin= ?
Symptoms= ?
- hyperthyroidism; symptoms=
- never tired
- no weight gain
- always hot to the touch
- exophthalmia
-
has an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe
Pituitary gland
-
no reabsorption of water from DCT and CD takes place and you produce a large amount of dilute urine. This occurs when overly hydrated (drink too much) or after consumption of alcohol (alcohol shuts off brain release of vasopressin. This occurs if... ?
If no vasopressin is released from the brain
-
growth hormone
somatotropin
-
a process that allow nephrons to remove metabolic wastes; takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and collecting duct;For metabolic wastes or toxins that did not leave the capillary bed and move into Bowman's capsule, in the areas of PCT, LH, DCT, and CD, the toxin moves from the peritubular capillary bed into the 4 tubules
Secretion
-
- Females:
- causes ovulation
- formation of corpus luteum
- causes corpus luteum to produce progesterone
- Males:
- causes testes to produce testosterone
Luteinizing hormone= LH
-
a process that allow nephrons to remove metabolic wastes; takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, and collecting duct; The movement of valuable blood components from PCT, LH, DCT, and CD into the peritubular capillary bed. These reabsorbed substances will NOT leave the body as urine.
Reabsorption
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______________ of a variable percent of H2O from the DCT and CD to the peritubluar capillary bed is related to the amount of hormone= vasopressin released from the brain
Reabsorption
-
If testes are maintained at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit..
results are sperm death and increased chance of testicular cancer
-
The pituitary gland is found in what part of the body
head
-
Pregnancy tests test for...
the presence of chronic gonadotropin which is only present if you have a placenta= pregnant
-
little or too much of a hormone is known as
endocrine dysfunction
-
alters ability of glucose to pass through cell membranes. So, glucose enters cells and blood levels of glucose are lowered. Also, converts excess glucose into starch called glycogen which is stored in the liver= lowers blood sugar
Insulin
-
stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
chorionic gonadotropin
-
28-day menstrual cycle- no pregnancy- Day 1-5
Necrotic endometrium and blood leave the body as menstrual flow
-
hypo-function of thyroxine= ?
Symptoms= ?
- hypothroidism; symptoms=
- always tired
- easy weight gain
- always cold to touch
- if person is iodine deficient (you need iodine to make thyroxine), you see enlargement of thyroid called a goiter to prevent get dietary iodine from seafood/ iodized salt
-
converts glycogen into glucose and raises blood sugar levels
Glucagon
-
hypo-function of insulin is __________ and the symptoms are= ?
- diabetes melitus and symptoms are
- Tired
- Thirst
- Frequent urination
-
high levels of chorionic gonadotropin from placenta are causing the corpus luteum to produce high levels of progesterone. The progesterone feeds back negatively onto placenta and shuts off production of chronic gonadotropin... When does this occur?
At the end of the third month of pregnancy
-
regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphorus
parathyroid hormone
-
contains
- Epinephrine
- fight or flight responses
- Norepinephrine
- fight or flight responses
Adrenal medulla
-
28-day menstrual cycle plus pregnancy- Day 12
High levels of FSH have caused follicles to produce high levels of estrogens. High levels of estrogens feedback negatively on pituitary to shut off FSH.
-
Nephron Filtration- What?
The movement of the liquid portion of the blood minus the large protein= tissue fluid= lymph= glomerular filtrate from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule.
-
contains somatotropin, FSH, LH, thyroid, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, prolactin
anterior lobe of pituitary
-
glands without ducts or tubes that are responsible for producing secretions called hormones
Endocrine gland
-
brain not releasing vasopressin (tasteless)= ?
Symptoms= ?
Diabetes insipidus and symptoms are frequent urination and thirst
-
A portion of the oviduct has scar tissue and no cilia, so the zygote stops its travel and implants into oviduct. Pregnancy will continue for 2.5 months at which time the oviduct ruptures.
Tubual pregnancy
-
responsible for male secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
-
signals gastric glands to produce pepsin, mucus, and hydrochloric acid
Gastrin hormone
-
All urine produce=
H2O, salts, urea
-
When does the posterior lobe of the pituitary release oxytocin and what does it cause?
- At the end of the ninth month; it
- causes labor contractions
- causes milk let down
-
contains vasopressin and oxytocin
posterior lobe of pituitary
-
too little of a hormone is known as
hypo-function
-
Taste buds are found on
- Tongue
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Pharynx
-
One sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte mII and triggers it to finish mII, aII, tII, to become an ootid, then an ovum then the sperm's nucleus fuses with the ovum's nucleus
one celled body called zygote
-
responsible for metabolism of fats and sugars
Cortisol
-
28-day menstrual cycle- no pregnancy- Day 21
Pituitary is producing high levels of LH causing the corpus luteum to produce high levels of progesterone. High levels of progesterone feedback negatively onto the pituitary and shut off production of LH
-
contains insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
-
-
Nephron Filtration- Where?
Between glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
-
28-day menstrual cycle- no pregnancy- Day 14
- Falling levels of FSH result in falling levels of estrogens. Falling levels of FSH and estrogens stimulate the pituitary to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
- LH is responsible for:
- Release of secondary oocyte in mII from ovary= ovulation
- Causing the formation of a yellow scar= corpus luteum at the site of ovulation
- Causing the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
-
A high precent of H2O will be reabsorbed from DCT and CD. you will produce a small amount of concentrated urine. seen if dehydrated or after consumption of salty foods if... ?
If a large amount of vasopressin is released from the brain...
-
When is it best to breast feed a baby? What is so important about breast feeding at this specific time?
- 1st three days after birth, mammary glands produce colostium
- contains mild laxative to ready digestive system for food
- contains mother's antibodies which travel into baby's blood stream to protect baby against infection
-
4 tastes defected by taste buds
-
contains Aldosterone and Cortisol
Adrenal cortex
-
signals adrenal glands to release hormones
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
-
regulates metabolism
Thyroxine
-
Females:
- stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
Prolactin
-
"the" hormone of pregnancy
progesterone
-
too much of a hormone is commonly known as
hyper-function
-
- Females:
- development of ovarian follicles
- signals follicles to produce estrogens
- Males:
- spermatogenesis= production of sperm
Follicle stimulating hormone= FSH
-
Hyper-function of somatotropin=
- If too much somatotropin is produced while growth zones are present = < 18 years old. Gigantism
- If too much somatotropin is produced after growth zones have disappeared > 18 years old= acromegaly
-
Mechanisms of hormone activity
- some hormones work by altering cell membrane permeability
- some hormones work by activating enzymes
- some hormones work by turning genes "on" and "off"= and affect protein synthesis
-
The thymus gland is found in what portion of the body?
The thoracic cavity
-
28-day menstrual cycle plus pregnancy- Day 14
- LH:
- causes release of secondary oocyte in mII= ovulation
- causes formation of corpus luteum
- causes the corpus luteum to produce progesterone
- This time there are sperm in her reproductive tract
-
cells in wall of stomach produce
Gastrin hormone
-
contains estrogens and progesterone
ovaries
-
Male accessory glands
- 1. prostate gland
- 2. seminal vesicles
- 3. bulbourethral glands
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