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What are 2 types of resistance?
non specific (innate) and specific (adaptive)
What line of defense doesn't distinguish from different invaders?
1st and 2nd
nonspecific / innate
What 2 situations can specific defenses identify?
invader from another invader
invader from self cells
What line of defense are most born with?
"innate"
1st and 2nd line
When are specific defenses aquired?
after birth
What does adaptation of specific defenses allow?
improved response of future exposure to pathogens
What 4 things make up the 1st line of innate nonspecific defenses?
skin
mucous membranes
chemicals
normal flora
What 2 things does skin accomplish to defend against pathogens?
intact barrier blocks invasion
"washing action" of secretions keeps pathogens from attaching
What 2 things of the 1st line of defense traps , moves, and filters organisms toward the nearest body opening?
mucous and cilia
What 5 chemicals are involved in the 1st line of defense?
lysozyme
salt
antimicrobial peptides
acid
bases
What 1st line defensive chemical digests peptidoglycan and is found on body surfaces?
lysozyme
How is salt a part of 1st line defenses against pathogens?
takes away water source from pathogens
found on body surfaces
What 1st line defense is made of amino acids and kills many microogranisms on the skin?
antimicrobial peptides
What 3 places ia acid found?
stomach
sebum (skin's oil)
vagina
How is acid a 1st line of defense?
denatures pathogen's protein
Where are bases found and how is it a 1st line of defense?
semen
denatures pathogen's proteins
What 3 things do normal flora do making it a 1st line of defense?
outcompete pathogens
digests pathogens
produces vitamins for immunity to kill pathogens
What 4 defenses make up the 2nd line of innate defense?
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
chemicals
What 3 chemicals are innate defenses?
interferon
complement
iron-binding proteins
What are the 4 stages of phagocytosis?
chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
killing
What are 2 primary phagocytes?
neutrophils and monocytes
What are 5 names for neutrophils?
PMN
PML
polysd
segs
bands
What is the difference between "segs" and "bands"?
segs = mature neutrophils
bands = immature neutrophils
What 5 steps make up chemotaxis?
invader kills cells
cells release chemicals
chemicals diffuse into vessels
phagocytes in vessels are alerted by chemicals
phagoctyes leave vessels to site of injury
What kind of bacteria can phagocytes not adhere to?
bacteria with capsule
What is the phase of phagocytosis when the phagocyte takes an inavading organism in?
ingestion
What is a phagosome?
lysosome inside phagoctye that digests organisms
What type of bacteria can lysosomes not break down in a phagocyte?
acid fast
Do phagocytes get rid of all residue of organism they kill during exocytosis?
No
What causes inflammation?
tissue damage
What 2 effects does inflammation have on blood vessels?
vasodialation
increased permeability
What are 2 chemicals released after tissue has been damaged?
histamine and leukotrines
What are 3 kinds of WBCs do chemicals attract during inflammation?
macrophages
neutrophils
B + T cells
What are 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
redness
edema (swelling)
hot temperature
loss of function in area
pain
What causes edema during inflammation?
increased permeability of vessels = more fluid released into space
What is the goal of inflammation (3) ?
to remove invader
clear damage
set stage for repair
What kind of feedback is inflammation?
positive feedback
Since inflammation is a positive feedback loop, why does it stop?
There are no more cells releasing chemicals because theyre all in tact
What is 1 reason inflammation would not cure a break in the skin?
overwhelming infection
What situation causes lysosomes to digest healthy tissue?
chronic inflammation
WBCs die @ site leaving lysosomes free
What does a disease ending in -itis mean?
inflammation
What organ are complement proteins made by?
the liver
Where are inactive complement proteins found?
in the blood
How are complement proteins activated?
by antibodies (IgG and IgM) + antigen complex
What are 3 affects of complement proteins being activated?
chemotaxis
opsonization
cytolysis
What protein makes up the Iron-Binding proteins?
globin of hemoglobin
How does iron- beinding protein protect us?
invader need iron
by binding iron, we eliminate that as an energy source for invaders
What are 4 types of adaptive immunity?
naturally active
naturally passive
artifically active
artificially passive
What adaptive immunity type is provided by injecting antibodies?
short term
artifically passive
What adaptive immunity type is provided by mother's antibodies?
short term
naturally passive
What 3 ways are antibodies naturally passively aquired?
breast milk
colostrum
through placenta
What type of adaptive immunity is when your body makes antibodies when youre exposed to pathogens?
long term
naturally active
What type of adaptive immunity is received after vaccination?
long term
artifically active
What is the 1st milk, made 5 days before breastmilk?
colostrum
Why is colostrum thicker?
more antibodies in the milk
What are 4 treatments given that are artificially passive immunities?
gammaglobulin
antiserum
antitoxin
antivenom
What are antigens?
foreign proteins recognized by antibodies with matching receptors
Author
eingram
ID
146795
Card Set
11microLec
Description
lec
Updated
2012-04-11T20:58:12Z
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