chapter 12.txt

identifying previously learned information with the help of more external cues

Retrieving previously learned informatio without the aid of or with very few external cues

Theory says that we store related ideas in separate categories, or files, called nodes

Linking of nodes or categories of ideas together by making associations or mental roads between new information and old information that was previously stored

Thousands of interconnected nodes, which form an enormous cognitive network for arranging and storing files

Memory files that contain related information organized arounf a specific topic or category

Refers to the arrangement of nodes or memory files in a certain order or hierarchy

Bottom of the hierarchy are nodes with very concrete information, which are connected to nodes with general or abstract information

• Unfamiliar and uninteresting
• forgetting curve measures the amount of previously learned information that subjects can recall or recognize

remembering is partly related to how familiar or interesting the information is

• Overview: forgetting
• refers to the inability to retrieve, recall, or recognize information that was stored or is still stored in long-term memory

according to Freud, repression is a mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious, from which repressed memories cannot be recalled voluntarily, but something may cause them to enter consciousness at a later time

• - Poor retrieval cues/poor encoding
• - Retrieval cues
• - mental reminders that we create by forming vivid mental images or creating associations between new information and information we already know.

• - common reason for forgetting
• - recall of some particular memory is blocked or prevented by other related memories
• - may forget information not because it is no longer in storage or memory but rather because old or newer related information produces confusion and thus blocks retrieval from memory.

Maya be temporary or permanent, is loss of memory that may occur after a blow or damage to the brain or after disease

we misremember something due to memory distortions caused by bias or suggestibility

Occurs when old information (learned earlier) locks or disrupts the remembering of related new information (learned later)

Occurs when new information (learned later) blocks or disrupts the retrieval of related old information (learned earlier)

Mental reminders that you create by forming vivid mental images of information that you already know

Refers to having a stong feeling that a particular word can be recalled, but despite making a great effort, we are temporarily unable to recall this particular information

- Easier to recall information when you are in the same physiological or emotional state or setting as when you originally encoded the information.

Cortex

- ability to hold words, facts, and even events in short-term memory depends on the activity in the cortex

- the ability to remember or recall songs, words, facts, and events for days, months, or years. depends on areas widely spread throughout the cortex

located in the tip of the temporal lobe recieves input from all the senses and is associated with emotional memory

• •transfers
• words, facts, and personal events from short-term memory into permanent
• long-term memory

• groups
• of interconnected neurons whose activation allows information or stimuli to be
• recognized and held briefly and temporarily in short-term memory

• •refers
• to change in the structure and function of neurons after they have been
• repeatedly stimulated

• neuroscientists believe that the LTP process, which changes the structure and function of
• neurons, is the most likely basis for learning and memory in animals and humans

• ways to improve encoding and create better retrieval cues by forming vivid associations or images, which
• improve recall

• •encoding technique that creates
• visual associations between already memorized places and new items to be
• memorized

• •encoding technique that creates
• associations between number-word rhymes and items to be memorized