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The easiest way to obtain urine from a patient but the most contaminated way.
Free catch urine
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What is the best way to ensure the most uncontaminated collection from free catch urine?
- 1- wash the prepuce (male) or vulva (female) before collection
- 2- and collect midstream urine
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Gentle manual expression of the bladder with steady pressure to help patient excrete urine
bladder expression
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Sterile procedure of using a catheter to insert into the bladder through the urethra to obtain urine for culture and sensitivity tests
Catherization
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Withdrawing urine by needle with guided help of a ultrasound to most guarantee a sterile collection of urine
cystocentesis
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What 4 things to remember about Urine storage?
- 1- Analyze within an hr of collection
- 2- If you can not, Refrigerate and analyze within 6- 12 hrs
- 3- Crystals will form in refrigerated samples
- 4- Allow refrigerated samples to thaw before analyzing
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6 things we look at in urine samples
- 1- color
- 2- clarity
- 3- volume
- 4- odor
- 5- SG
- 6- sediment
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what can odor tell us?
a) strong odor
b) ammonia odor
c) sweet odor
- 1- patient may be a male cat, goat, or pig
- 2- patient may have cystitis
- 3- patient may have DM, Ketosis, Pregnancy toxemia
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having a proteus or staphylococcus bacterial infection that gives off an odor of ammonia
cystitis
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pH of an herbivore
alkaline
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methods of testing for proteins in urine
- 1- reagent strips
- 2- sulfosalicyclic acid turbity test
- 3- Urine Protein: Creatinine ratio test
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condition associated with Glucosemia and Glucosuria
DM
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methods of testing Glucose
1- reagent strips
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name 3 ketones
- 1- acetone
- 2- acetoacidic acid
- 3- B hydroxybutyric acid
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Normal urine
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria
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What color would it be?
a) myoglobin conc urine
b) drug or carotene conc urine
c) hematuria or hemoglobinuria
d) bile pigment
e) high SG
f) low SG
- a) brown
- b) orange
- c) red-brown
- d) green-brown
- e) bright yellow
- f) pale yellow
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methods of measuring SG
- 1- reagent strips
- 2- refractometer *
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What is SG?
Specific gravity is the weight of a liquid compared to distilled water
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What is the renal threshold of glucose in dogs and cats?
dogs: 180 mg/ dl
cats: 220 mg/ dl
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Urine clarity: condition or species associated
1- clear urine
2- cloudy
3- milky/turbid
- 1- norm for most species
- 2- presence of carbonate crystals and mucus
- * norm for equines
- 3- presence of carbonate crystals
- *norm for rabbits
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methods of analyzing urine sediment
1- microscopic exam
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methods of testing for Ketonuria and what it detects specifically?
1- dipstick - acetoacidic acid and acetone only
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Bilirubinuria may be an indication of which conditions?
- 1- bile flow obstruction
- 2- hemolytic anemia
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methods of testing bile acids in urine
- 1- dipstick for (conjugated only) bilirubinuria and urobilirubinuria
- 2- icotest
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methods of blood testing in urine
- 1- microscopic eval of sediment
- 2- dipstick
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besides bleeding, what specifically does hematuria, hemoglobinuria, and ghost cells tell you
- hematuria - bleeding in urinary tract hemoglobinuria- intravascular hemolysis
- ghost cells- lysis of RBCs
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What can be said about Myoglobinuria?
what can it be confused with?
Myoglobinura is a protein found in muscle that if found in the urine can mean severe muscle damage
It can be confused with hemoglobinuria
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methods of analyzing WBCs
- 1- microscopic eval of sediment
- *no reagent strips in cats
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which objective do we use to qauntify cells in urine sediment
40 objective
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On a dipstick, bilirubinuria can be detected at ? mg/dl
what can obscure results?
0.2- 0.4 mg/dl
color of urine can deter color, therefore our readings
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Exam of RBCs in urine:
1- fresh round smooth edges
2- crenated cells
3- swelling cells
4- ghost cells/ shadowed cells
5- 2- 3 RBCs per high power field
- 1- fresh round smooth edges- Normal
- 2- crenated cells Conc urine
- 3- swelling cells Dilute/ Alkaline urine
- 4- ghost cells/ shadowed cells Lysis
- 5- 2- 3 RBCs per high power field Normal
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Exam of WBCs in urine
1- shrunken cells
2- swelling cells
3- having 0 WBCs per high power field
4- having 2-3 WBCs per high power field
5- having grayish/greenish WBCs
- 1- shrunken cells Conc urine
- 2- swelling cells Dilure urine
- 3- having 0 WBCs per high power field Normal
- 4- having 2-3 WBCs per high power field Pyuria (inflammation or infection)5- having grayish/greenish WBCs Normal
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pH of urine and RBCs
a) 1.025
b) 1.008
c) 1.010-1.020
a) 1.025 Conc urine = crenated RBCs
- b) 1.008 Alkaline urine = Lysed RBCs
- *ghost cells
c) 1.010-1.020 Normal RBCs
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what kind of pad is this and what does it detect?
the hemoprotein pad detects Heme or "peroxidase-like" activity
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WBCs in urine:
a) what # is normal to find in urine?
b) how much bigger than RBCs are they?
c) Which WBC is found most in urine?
- a) what # is normal to find in urine? <5/HPF
- b) how much bigger than RBCs are they? 1.5-2.0
c) Which WBC is found most in urine? neutrophils
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cylindrical structures that sleeve off distal tubules of the kidney that can indicate the speed at which filtrate is moving
Urinary casts
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When it comes to urinary casts, why do we need to analyse the urine while its still fresh?
- if acidic = secrete protein precipitates
- if alkaline = dissolve *centrifuge with break down casts too
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Filtrate speed, casts, and damage:
Faster filtrate = ? casts= ? damage
Slower filtrate = ? casts= ? damage
- Faster filtrate = hyaline casts= less tubule damage
- Slower filtrate = granular casts= more tubule damage
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what condition is associated with:
epithelial casts
acute nephritis
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what condition is associated with:
squamous epithelial cells
- 1- contamination from genital tract or skin
- 2- squamous metaplasia from prostate if high in numbers
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what condition is associated with:
Hyaline casts
- 1- renal issues
- 2- fever
- 3- too much exercise
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what condition is associated with:
WBC casts
renal tubule inflammation
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Where are they from:
Transitional Epithelial Cells
Mucosa of pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra
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what condition is associated with:
Granular casts
- *Granular casts are hyaline casts with granulesacute nephritis
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what condition is associated with:
RBCs casts
- 1- renal bleeding from trauma
- 2- inflammation
- 3- bleeding disorder
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what condition is associated with:
Waxy casts
- *Wider and smoother than hyaline castschronic tubular dz that is always of pathological significance
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what condition is associated with:
Struvite crystals
infection of ammonia producing organisms
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what condition is associated with:
Biurate (Ammoniam urate) Crystals
portocaval shunts found in dalmatians
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what condition is associated with:
Fatty casts
- 1- degenerative tubular dz such as DM
- *are refractile lipid droplets found commonly in cat urine.
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what species are associated with:
Calcium carbonate crystals
- horses
- rabbits
- guinea pigs
- goats
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what condition is associated with:
Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
- 1- oxalate urolithiasis
- 2- ethylene glycol toxicosis produces alot*
- *normal in horses and cattle
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9 crystals found in urine:
- Amorphous crystals
- Calcium carbonate
- Calcium oxalate dihydrate
- Cystine crystals
- Leucine crystals
- Struvite crystals
- Sulfonamide crystals
- Tyrosine crystals
- Uric acid crystals
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what condition is associated with:
Amorphous crystals
urates: acidic urine
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what condition is associated with:
Sulfonamides (crystals)
- from sulfa drugs
- and not usually found tin alkaline urine
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what condition is associated with:
Uric Acid Crystals
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what condition is associated with:
Cystine Crystals
renal tubular dysfunction
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how do you see bacteria on a urine slide?
and what other presence might accompany bacteria?
gram stain
WBCs
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what condition is associated with:
Leucine Crystals
liver dz
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what condition is associated with:
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
ethylene glycol intoxication (anti-freeze)
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what condition is associated with:
Yeasts
long term antibiotic use and immunosuppressive therapy
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what condition is associated with:
Tyrosine
liver dz
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what condition is associated with:
Fungi
1- Systemic infection especially in the renal pelvis such as Aspergillus
* Its not uncommon to find fungal hypha in old samples due to contamination.
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what condition is associated with:
Microfilaria of Dirofilaria immitis
1- Hematuria due to heartworm dz
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what condition is associated with:
Capillaria plica findings
What species is it found in?
presence of helminth parasite in a canine urinary bladder
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