A&P II

• 1. gas exchange
• 2. voice production

• our body needs oxygen to survive and needs to get rid of it's wastes (carbon dioxide) as well.
• cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to provide the body with oxygen an rid the body of carbon dioxide.
• respiratory system is involved in the gas exchange between blood and the eternal environment and the transportation of these gases is provided for by the cardiovascular system.
• gases follow the laws of simple diffusion; they flow from high to low pressure

• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs (alveoli)

• alveoli
• all of the other organs of the respiratory system are just "conducting passages" that get the air to the alveoli.

These conducting passages purify, humidify, and warm the incoming air.

• nose
• pharynx
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi

the only externally visible part of repiratory system

nostrils

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
• glottis
• larynx
• trachea
• primary bronchi
• 2' bronchi
• 3' bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli

• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx
• glottis
• larynx
• trachea
• primary bronchi
• 2' bronchi
• 3' bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli

• where the air enters into.
• the olfactory receptors for smell are located in the roof of this cavity
• separated from the oral cavityby the hard and soft palate

the lining of the inside of the nose

• rests on a network of veins that warms the air as it comes in to the nose (nosebleeds common because these veins are right underneath the thin mucosa)
• mucus traps dust and bacteria
• ciliated cells move mucus to the back of the throat and we swallow it

cilia become sluggish and mucus builds up in the nose and dribbles out

• the thing that hangs down in the back of your throat
• when you swallow, it moves upwards and closes off the nasopharynx so food and liquids don't go up into your nose

• throat
• muscular passageway
• common passageway for air and food

• nasopharynx
• oropharynx
• laryngopharynx

• mouth, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus (food), trachea (air)
• or
• nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, trachea

voice box

• route food and air in to the proper channels
• produce speech

superior opening to the larynx

cartilage flap that is open when we are breathing, but closes over the opening of the trachea if we are swallowing to keep food out of the trachea and lungs

• windpipe
• lined with ciliated mucosa
• cilia propel mucus (loaded with dust and particles) upwards away from the lungs
• rigid because it has c-shaped cartilage rings to prevent collapsing

first divisions of the trachea.... one going to the left and one to the right lung

after the primary bronchi enter the lungs they divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, smaller and smaller branches

• the smallest of the conducting passagaways
• terminate into the alveoli

• air sacs lined with many capillaries
• where gas exchange takes place
• millions of them
• look like bunches of grapes
• the walls are very thin (thinner than tissue paper)
• the surface area of the walls is 1/2 a tennis court
• functional units of the lungs

• alveolar walls
• capillary walls
• basal lamina

• special cells in the alveolar walls produce this substance
• substance which coats the outside of the alveoli
• reduces the surface tension of the alveoli keeping them from collapsing

a baby that is born prematurely has alveoli which do not produce enough surfactant and experience IRDS where their alveoli will collapse because of not enough surfactant, and therefore high surface tension

large spongy organ that occupies almost the entire thoracic cavity

the left lund is divided into 2 lobes, the right lung is divided into 3 lobes.

• Both the thoracic cavity and the lungs are lined by this serous membrane that produces serous fluid
• a double layered serous membrane that covers the outside of the lungs and lines the inside of the thoracic cavity serous fluid between the layers

allows the lungs to glide easily over the walls of the thorax during breathing

You take in a deep breath of air which goes into your lungs and fills the alveoli. This air is oxygen rich, as a matter of fact there is much more oxygen in the air in the alveoli than there is in the blood of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. So, the oxygen will want to move out of the alveoli and in to the blood in the capillaries. Likewise, if the air in the alveoli is oxygen rich, that means it doesn't have much carbon dioxide... so the carbon dioxide from the blood in the capillaries will move out of the blood and into the alveoli so when we exhale it gets out of the body... so the blood in the capillaries has now gotten rid of its carbon dioxide and picked up oxygen... it will now go back to the right atrium of the heart via the pulmonary veins.

by nose hairs also by the ciliated epithelium lining the respiratory tract with mucus

Volume changes lead to pressure changes... if the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, the pressure will decrease. Likewise, if the volume in the thoracic cavity decreases, the pressure inside will increase.

air is flowing into the lungs

when we take in a breath, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases (rib cage expands and the diaphragm depresses) which causes the pressure inside the thoracic cavity to decrease (and also the pressure inside the lungs decreases). So now, the pressure outside our body is higher than the pressure inside the lungs ... so air wants to move from high pressure to low pressure ... so air moves into the lungs.

when we physically let our rib cage fall back to its normal position and our diaphragm also comes back up, this decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity again which increases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity and the lungs and pushes the air out of the lungs.

• presence of air in the intrapleural space caused by a puncture. In order to fix this, air must be drawn out of the intrapleural space with a chest tube to restore the vacuum and then close the hole.
• when air at atmospheric pressure gets into the plural cavity causes lungs to collapse
• caused by trauma or pneumonia

• concered with how much air is flushed into and out of the lungs.
• They can give us information about a person's respiratory status.
• measured with spirometer

the amount of air moving into and out of the lungs during a normal quiet breath (about 500ml)

• the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled over and above TV
• taking a deep breath
• IRV ~ 3000ml

• the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after tidal expiration
• ~1200ml

• the amount of air that remains in the lungs at all times (even after forced expiration). It prevents the lungs from collapsing.
• keeps lungs inflated
• ~1200ml
• non-exchangable air

• total amount of exchangable air
• VC = TV + IRV + ERV

• the sum of all lung volumes
• TLC = VC + RV

gas exchange in the alveoli of lungs

• gas exchange at capillary beds
• between blood and all body tissues

• has to do with volume / pressure changes of thoracic cavity
• as volume increases then pressure decreases