Bio135 Final Exam Lecture Notes.txt

  1. What makes up the cell membrane?
    • Phospolipid bilayer
    • Proteins
    • Cholesterol (animals)
  2. What kinds of proteins make up the cell membrane?
    • Peripheral
    • Integral (Transmembrane)
  3. What part of a protein is glycosylated?
    The portion facing the extracellular matrix
  4. What are the functions of the membrane?
    • Selective barrier
    • In eukaryotes, formation of organelles/compartments
    • Localization of enzymatic reactions
    • Cell-cell communication
    • Transmission/reception of signals
    • Shape
    • Receive stimuli
    • Site of ECM attachment
  5. Where does glycoslyation occur, and what is the destination?
    • Golgi
    • Cell membrane (i.e. not organelles)
  6. What does flippase do?
    It "evens out" enzymes since most are on cytosol side
  7. What is a lipid raft?
    A "microdomain" of the plasma membrane which aggregates proteins and phospholpids for transportation.
  8. How does a lipid raft travel?
    Via vesicle
  9. Do proteins for organelles get glycosylated? Why or why not?
    • No.
    • Glycosylation is for cell-cell recognition
  10. What is an advantage of a compartment/organelle?
    • Useful for specialized enzymatic reactions.
    • Greater rate of collisions for reactions to occur.
  11. What is the minimum length of a transmembrane protein?
    20 a.a.'s
  12. What are some functions of transmembrane proteins on the cytoplasmic side?
    • Intrinsic or associated enzymatic activity
    • Provide cell with shape
  13. What are functions of transmembrane proteins on the outside?
    • Receptors for soluble ligands
    • Channel/gate
    • ECM attachment (e.g. integrins)
    • Cell-cell attachment (e.g. cadherins)
  14. How are gates/channels activated?
    Hormones or action potentials
  15. What are types of secondary structures for transmembrane proteins?
    • Alpha helices
    • Beta barrels
  16. For alpha helices in a gate, where is the hydrophobic side?
    Facing the outside surface of the gate
  17. What transports water thru the membrane?
    Aquaporin
  18. What is the function of membrane cholesterol?
    Provides membrane fluidity
  19. What types of molecular movement are there in the membrane?
    • Rotation on axis
    • Lateral (sideways)
    • Flip-flopping (from one side to the other)
  20. Describe flip-flopping movement in a membrane.
    • Requires energy and is thus uncommon
    • Requires the flippase enzyme
    • Proteins are too large for this movement
  21. What can cross a membrane by simple diffusion?
    CO2 and O2
  22. What happens if a cell membrane has no fluidity?
    The cell dies
  23. What are some ways to alter membrane fluidity?
    • Change length of hydrocarbon tails
    • Change saturation
    • Change cholesterol content
    • Change temperature
  24. What does an increase in cholesterol do?
    Increases fluidity
  25. What does an increase in temp do?
    Increases fluidity
  26. What does an increase in saturation do?
    Decreases fluidity
  27. What does an increase in hydrocarbon tail length do?
    Decreases fluidity
  28. What is a ligand?
    A signal that is received by the cell usually resulting in a response.
  29. What is a receptor?
    A feature on the cell which receives a ligand
  30. How does a receptor respond?
    • Intrinsically as an enzyme.
    • Associated with an enzyme.
    • With the cytoskeleton directly.
  31. What are some responses to a ligand being received?
    • Gene expression
    • Metabolism
    • Movement
  32. What are effector proteins?
    They are proteins activated by intracellular signalling proteins
  33. What are three types of effector proteins?
    • Metabolic enzyme
    • Gene regulatory protein
    • Cytoskeletal protein (altered cell shape or movement)
  34. What types of interactions are there between effectors and cells?
    • Direct contact between transmembrane molecules of two neighboring cells
    • Paracrine system (local)
    • Synaptic (neurotransmitters)
    • Cytonemes (thin cytoplasmic extensions releasing hormones)
    • Endocrine (via bloodstream)
  35. Which type of signalling requires the most signal molecules?
    Endocrine
  36. Which type of signalling is not soluble?
    • Contact dependent
    • Maybe Cytonemes?
  37. What are three types of signalling responses?
    • Quick; < 1 hour; protein de/activation; synaptic
    • Slow; 18-24 hours; transcription/translation; endocrine
    • Single cell or group in development; autocrine
  38. What are four end-results of a cell in response to a signal?
    • Survive
    • Grow + Divide
    • Differentiate
    • Die
  39. Describe how acetylcholine can cause two different reponses.
    • Heart muscle - decreased rate and force of contraction
    • Skeletal muscle - contraction
  40. What are two types of signals wrt to water?
    • Soluble - interact with transmembrane receptors
    • Insoluble - interact with cytoplasmic receptors
  41. Non-soluble signals affect ___.
    transcription
  42. What are examples of non-soluble signals?
    Vitamin D, estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, estradiol, retinoic acid, and thhroxine
  43. Non-soluble signals have a ___ effect due to ___.
    • longer-lasting
    • their duration in the blood
  44. Non-soluble signals enter the cytoplasm by ___.
    diffusion
  45. Non-soluble receptor responses include ___.
    • Early - first 30 min
    • Delyated
    • Depends on type of protein and timing of synthesis
  46. Gene expression regulation falls into two general categories:
    • Activation
    • Repression
  47. All nuclear receptors bind as either ___ or ___.
    Homodimers, heterodimers
  48. An inactive receptor protein is bound to ___ proteins.
    Inhibitory
  49. Proteins in the primary response can ____.
    Activate other proteins for a delayed/secondary response.
  50. Describe responses to testosterone.
    • Early - male characteristics in development
    • Delayed - muscle growth
  51. Describe responses to estrogen.
    • Early - female characteristics
    • Delayed - retention of bone mass
  52. What are three classes of cell-surface receptors?
    • Ion-channel-coupled (open channel)
    • G-protein-coupled (G activates enzyme)
    • Enzyme-coupled (intrinsic and associated enzymatic)
  53. What are three types of "players" that affect the cell?
    • First messengers - ligands such as hormones
    • Intracellular signaling proteins
    • Second messengers - not unique to one pathway
  54. What are examples of second messengers?
    cAMP, cGMP, 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG), IP3, Ca+2
  55. What second messengers require ATP?
    cAMP, cGMP
  56. What second messengers are derived from phospholipids
    DAG, IP3
  57. Name various proteins/molecules in signalling pathways/cascades.
    Anchoring, amplifier, integrator, modular, relay, scaffold, transducer
  58. Describe an anchoring protein.
    Anchors proteins to a structure at a precise location where needed.
  59. Describe amplifier proteins.
    Greatly increases signal they receive.
  60. Describe Integrator proteins.
    Combine signals from two or more pathways before forwarding.
  61. Describe modular proteins.
    Modify the activity of signaling proteins to regulate signal strength.
  62. Describe relay proteins.
    Pass messages to the next signaling component in the pathway.
  63. Describe scaffold proteins.
    Bind to multiple signaling proteins together in a functional complex for quicker and more efficient interaction.
  64. Describe transducer proteins.
    Convert singal to a different form.
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lukemlj
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Bio135 Final Exam Lecture Notes.txt
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Bio135 Final Exam Lecture Notes
Updated