Micro Exam 4

• Virulence Factors: most eleaborate of all pathogens.
• - Coagulase: causes blood clots (protection from WBCs)- Staphylokinase: degrades blood clots (invasion)
• - Hyaluronidase: degrades hyaluronic acid (invasion)
• - Lipase: degrades lipids (invasion)
• -DNase: degrades DNA (pus viscosity)
• -Hemolysins: lyse RBCs Leukocidin: pore forming heterodimer that lyses neutrophils (prophage-lysogen) [Superantigen]
• - Leukocidinase: spore foring heterodimer that lyses netrophilis(prophage- lysogen)
• - cytokines: TNF alpha taht can lead to systemic inflammation
• - enterotoxins: inflame intestinal wall (food poisoning)
• - exfoliative toxins: protease causing exfoliation
• - Toxic Shock: (exotoxin) super antigen (tampon use)
• - Catalase: antioxidant
• Staphyloantihin: antioxidant

human skin and mucus membrane

1. Localized Cutaneous Infections

- folliculitis: superficial infection of hair follicles ( hidrandenitis- glands)

- Furuncle (boil): involvement of sub-Q which causes carbuncle (interconnecte furuncle)

- Impetigo: scalded skin syndrome

2. Systemic Infections:

- ostiomyelitis: colonization of the bone (fever, chills, pain, muscle spasms)

• - pneumonia: rare but 50% fatal (mostly those with CF/Measles/flu in elderly)[symptoms: fever, chest pain, bloody sputum]
• - bacteremia (bacterial infection of the blood stream) which can cause endocarditis (infection of the heart)
• - Meningitis: entry into "cranial vault" (severe)

• antibiotic resistance
• - penicillinase: degrades penicillin
• - methicillin resistant: altered penicillin, binding protein, resistant to beta lactams
• - aminoglycosides: aminoglycoside modification, ribosomal modification, efflux mutations

• local infections: perforation and cleaning
• systemic infections: long term antibiotics (respond slowly to antibiotics)

• antibiotics that are effective:
• 1st try methacillin

2nd try vancomycin

3rd zygots (as a last resort)

• human are the only significant reservoir, direct contact, and droplets (coughing)
• - summer skin infections and in winter its in the throat

- C carbohydrates: they allow the disease to group into a,b,c. Counteracts the antibodies taht produce lysozyme

• - Lipoteichoic acids & Protien F: adherence to epithial cells (if the bacterium can adhere to the epithelial cells then they stick to you instead of flowing out during coughing etc.
• - M Protein
• - Hyaluronic acid: the composition of the capsule allows it to invade the immune system and it can go into connective tissue and hide, which does not trigger your immune system to fight it.
• -C5a protease: pokes holes in the cell membrane and the membrane will die
• -Exotoxins: strepolysin O: causes hemolysis of the RBCs
• -Exotoxins: streptolysin S: effects the heart
• both exotoxins over stimulate the helper T cells
• -Erythrogenic toxins: encoated by a virus and that virus has to be intergraded into that chromosome and then that makes it even more toxic. it also over stimulates the helper t cells which can injure the blood vessels, make it easier for bacteria to enter blood cells and cause toxic shock.

• - Impeigo: burning itching skin infection: highly contagiuos yellow crust
• - streptococcal pharyngitis: strep throat, swollen/tender tonsils perphaps with fever, headache, nausea
• - Scarlet Fever: rash and high fever

• - antibotic resistant
• - auto immune rheumatic fever
• -acute glomerulon ephritis (inflammation of the glomeruli of the nephrons: kidneys)
• - septicemia ( movement of bacteria fro the lymph to the blood)
• - Toxic Shock
• -Multiple organ failure

Penicillin

Strictly humans through sex

• Pilli: attachment
• Phagocytosis (allows t to attach to mucus membranes)

• Men: yellow discharge, infections of prostate and epididymis where scar tissue can lead to infertility, uritritis, painful urination
• Women: bloody vaginal discharge, painful urination, can move into cervix/uterus/fallopain tubes, pelvic inflammatory disease, scaring, infertility, etopic pregnancy

Both: conjunctivitis in the eye, which can lead to blindness (silver nitrat in newborns)

asymptomatic in large number of people

broad spectrum antibotics


also know secretory major immunoglobulin on mucus membranes

B. Authracis; Bacillus Anthracis

Soil, biological weapons

spores form under all growth conditions, proteins capsule and free living in the soil and protein capsule (inhibits photosis various exotoxins)

• cutaneous antrax (means skin, scabs)
• Pulmonary antrax (involves the lungs)

none

• cutaneous antrax: self-limiting no treatment necessary
• pulmonary antrax: there is no treatment you just die

C. perfrignens. Clostridium perfringens

wide spread anaerobic spore fromer found in soil, human ski, human intestine and capillaries

• - collagenase: degrades collagen in connective tissue
• - Hyaluronidase: degrades hyuronic acid which is in connective tissue
• - Flaginase
• - Alpha Toxin (destroy red blood cells)
• - DNase

gas gangrene: symptoms: pain edema, bloody exudates, which can lead to fever, tachycardia, gas filled bubbles, blackened tissue "foul smelling" can either be local (restricted to the damaged area) or invasive (infection moves into healthy tissue)

• surgery, compound factures, diabetic ulcers, septic abortions, puncture/gunshot wounds, and crushing injuries
• - Gas Gangreneous uterus following septic abortion: clostridial septicemia often fatal

cleaing the wound, debridement (oxygen access) large doses of broad spectrum antibotics, Hyperbaric therapy ( involves elevated concentration of oxygen)

soils, fresh and salt water, in the intestine of normal people in sponges and hot tubs

numorous extracelluar enzymes ( make organism more invasive), resistance to soaps, disinfectants, drugs, drying out (found on disinfected ventilators and anesthesia equipment)

urinary tract infections, external ear infections, opportunistic infection in burn victims (grape like odor)

metabolically diverse, resistant to many metabolic antibiotics (basically eats the antibiotics which makes them ineffective)

it is sensitive to some broad spectrum antibiotics, debreading (scrub with brishled brush)

feces from another human being or cattle

shiga toxin gene

urinary tract infections, meningitis, specticemia, and wound infections and gastro intestinal infections including dysentery and wasting in newborns

• less severe illnesses can turn into more severe illnesses, like UTI can turn into meningitis.
• - there are 150 different strains

Broad spectrum antibiotics

chicken and chicken products

none in particular

severe abdominal cramps, diarrhea

none

self-limiting

fleas that feed off of rodents

capable of pandemic

the plague, bubonic plague, the black death

already demonstrated the ability to cause a world wide epidemic called a pandemic

broad spectrum antibiotics

humans: vaginal, anal and oral sex

none

• epidymitis in men
• pelvic inflammatory disease in women
• conjunctivitis in both men and women which can lead to blindness and rheumatoid arthritis

• auto- immune rheumatoid arthritis
• asymptomatic in a large number of people

broad spectrum antibiotics

only through sex

none

• - Primary Syphilis (chancres in the body)
• - Secondary Syphilis (rash)
• - Latent syphilis (no symptoms)
• - Tertiary Syphilis (involves the brain and the heart)

• it gets more and more severe through the stages
• - Latent stage where people are asymptomatic

broad spectrum antibiotics

20% of healthy women

none

oral thrush, and vaginitis (yeast infections)

caused by detergents and hormal/physiological disruption of normal flora and anitbioic use

Antimycotics

other humans through sex

none

Trichomiasis

• can be dormant for many years without any symptoms (asymptomatic)
• - you have increase frisk of HIV and prostate cancer
• - Targets premies

other humans through sex, Warts, and genital warts

they are viruses

Warts, Genital Warts, Cervical Cancer

• cervical cancer
• - latency

none

HPV/Human papillomavirus

• 2 different strains HSV1 and HSV2
• sources: human sex, close contact with moist secretions (including kissing)
• - HSV1: causes cold sores
• - HSV2: causes genital lesions

none other than it is a virus

fever blisters, cold sores or genital lesions

latency

Valtex

other humans through sex, close contact, moist secretions, and blood products

none other than it is a virus

• - Acute (liver inflammation)
• -Chronic (cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer)

• the acute can lead to the chronic infections which can cause death
• - it can be asymptomatic

• - Acute: self-limiting
• - Chronic: Epivir

other humans through bodily secretions

its a virus

AIDS

• - long contagious period during which is asymptomatic
• - kills 90% in ten years
• - infects cells of the immune system results in lethal secondary infections
• - because it replicates using reverse transcriptase it mutates faster than the immune system can respond

none

Flagyl

broad spectrum antibiotics