Substance taken into the body by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption that interferes with normal physiological functions
Poison
The most common type of poisoning is by:
Ingestion or swallowing
Before 2004, what was recommended for children who has ingested poisons to induce vomiting
Emetic; (ipecac syrup)
What is the first step to tak in any poisoning is to:
Contact your loca Poison Control Center.
Obtained by calling the National Poison Center number
(800-222-1222)
What conditions should vomiting be avoided:
Ingestion of corrosive substances (drain cleaner, ammonia, dish detergent, lye). If burns around the mouth, it will most likely burn on the way back up
Ingestion of petroleum products ( gas, kerosene, lighter fluid, benzene)
Ingestion of convulsants (styrychnine or iodine) Can cause seizures
Semiconscious, severely inebriated, shock, convulsing or no gag reflex. Can cause choking, aspiration and and asphyxiation
Less than 1 year old
Patients with cardiac or vascular disease. Can cause high blood pressure anc precipitate a stroke, cardiac arrhythmias or atrioventriclular block.
This may be required in poisoning with CNS depressants.
Antidotes
Ex. Flumazenil or Naloxone and/or CPR
This substance is sometimes given by mouth to minimize systemic absorption of a poison
Charcoal
What steps should be taken if you are caring for a poison victim
Save emesis---may be necessary to determine type of poison
Closely monitor vital signs
Closely monitor signs of confusion, tremors, convulsion, visual disturbances, loss of conscious, respiratory distress
Treatment for poisoning by inhalation.
Systemic: fresh air, oxygen and CPR (if indicated)
This type of poisoning can rob the body tissues of vital oxygen
Carbon Monoxide
Treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning
High percentage oxygen therapy and/or hyperbaric oxygen
Treatment for external poisoning
Flushed from the skin for 20 min
Flushed from the eyes for 30 min
Continuous stream of water
Transported to nearest ER
Systemic absorption of poisons through the skin may require administration of
antidote
Treatment of insect sting (bee, scorpion, fire ant)
Immediately clean area and remove stinger
Apply ice pack to affected area
Watch closely for anaphylactic reaction
What is administered to those that have a anaphylactic reaction
CPR
Epinephrine and corticosteroids
What is NOT applied to a snakebite
Tourniquet or ice.
Steps for taking care of a person with a snakebite
Keep patient quiet
Transport, lying down to ER
If possible take snake along for id purposes
Poisoning is the leading cause of health emergencies for
children
Age of children most at risk
1-5
Steps to prevent poisoning in children
Chemicals in locked cupboard
Medication in locked box
Medications in childproof containers
Leading cause of poisoning deaths in children under 6
Iron
What causes toxic reaction from medication in older adults
Slower metabolism, impaired c irculation, decreased execretion
Wrong dosage due to impaired vision or poor memory
Drug interactions with OTC or Herbal meds
Medical conditions affecting absorption
How does the EPA recommend discarding old medications
Do not flush down toilet
Take to nearest household waste faciilities
Where should the poison control number be placed in the household
On or near the telephone
Health care practtitioners should advise patients to avoid_____________, which may not be indicated if the diet is well balanced and patient is in good health
self medication with large doses of vitamins and minerals
This should be established by a physician's diagnosis or blood test before exceeding the Recommended Dietary Allowance
A need or deficiency of vitamins or minerals
What is the major revision called to replace the RDA
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
Reports have indicated the possibility of damage to tissues with the intake of large amount of
Vitamins, above the RDA recommendations
This Vitamin must be closely monitored because the difference between the therapeutic dosage and that causing hypercalcemia is so small
Vit D
Vit E supplements should be discontinued 10 days prior to surgery because
Danger of prolonged bleeding time
This antagonizes the action of levodopa
Vit B6
The absorption of this vitamin depends on an intrinsic factor notmally present in the gastric juices of humans.
Vit B 12
The National Academy of Sciences now suggests that those over this age should begin taking a low dose Vit b 12 supplement
50
A deficiency of folic acid during pregnancy causes
Neural tube defects
Spina Bifida
Folic Acid can mask the diagnosis of
Pernicious Anemia
Folic acid over the RDA daily allowances can interfere with the actions of what drugs
Oral contraceptives
Barbiturates
Dilantin
This has to balanced in order for normal body functioning
The correct ratio of fluids to electrolytes
Principal minerals in extracellular body fluids
Sodium and Chloride
Excessive potassium in the blood is known as
Hyperkalemia
A mineral component of bones and teeth and is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of what Vitamin
Calcuim
Vit D
When injected by IV, this should be administered very slowly to prevent tissue necrosis or cardiac arrhythmias
Calcuim Salts
Zinc supplements should be administered with meals to minimize
Gastric Distress
What act recognizes supplements as different from food additives and drugs
Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
These are not subject to the same FDA scrutiny and restrictions a food additives and drugs
Food supplements
Natural antioxidants in food are much more effective than
Synthetic products
Megadoses of vitamins and minerals should only be taken
When ordered by a physician
Synthetic Vit A product prescribe for severe acne
isotretinoin
What can result from Vit C deficiency
Scurvy
Conduction of nerve impulses and beating of the heart is involved in
Electrolytes carrying positive or negative electrical charges
Oral Iron prepartions should be taken with
Orange Juice
Under the DSHEA, what is the responsibility of the FDA, once the dietary supplement is marked
Must show that the supplement is unsafe before it can take action to restrict the product's use
Riboflavin
Vit B 2
Ascorbic Acid
Vit C
Beta Carotene
Vit A
Thiamine
Vit B 1
Phytonadione
Vit k
Folate
Folic acid
Calciferol
Vit D
Tocopherol
Vit E
Pyridoxine
Vit B 6
Cyanocobalamin
Vit B 12
Nicotinic acid
Niacin
Water or Fat soluble
Vit A
Vit B 1
Vit B 2
Vit B 6
Vit B 12
Vit C
Vit D
Vit E
Vit K
Niacin
Folic acid
Fat
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Fat
Fat
Fat
Water
Water
T/F
More calcium is needed during pregnancy and lactation
T
Chronic gastro disorders or surgery that result in chronic diarrhea are indications for additional vit and mineral supplements
T
Females require larger amounts of vit and minerals than males
F
This Vit has been reported to cause fetal malformations if taken in large doses
Vit A
What are the most common Vitamins overdosed on
Vit A & D
The Recommend Daily Allowance includes
The amount of vitamins and minerals you get from both the food you eat as well as supplements taken
Is processed in the body from the carotene of plants, especially yellow-orange and dark-green leafy vegetables, fruits, oily saltwater fish, dairy products and eggs.
Vitamin A
RDA is 800-1000 units/day
DRI is 700-3000 mcg/day
Vitamin A
Vitamin necessary for resistance to infection
Night vision
Normal growth and development of bones and soft tissue
Healing of wounds
Sometimes prescibed for acne
Vitamin A
Deficiency may result from overcooking of vegetable in an open container
Signs of deficiency include: night blindness, slow growth, bone and teeth deformities
Vitamin A
Also known as Retinol, Retinal, Beta carotene
Vit A
Also known as Calciferol, Cholecalciferol, Ergocalciferol
Vitamin D
Vitamin synthesized in the body through the action of sunlight on the skin.
Other sources include: fish oils (salmon, tuna), and foods fortified with Vit D
Vitamin D
Low levels of this vitamin are twice as likely to develop coronary artery disease, heart failure,stroke, high blood pressure, and diabetes
Vitamin D
Individuals who need increased Vit D
Breastfed infants
Age 50 or older
Those with limited sun exposure
dark skinned people
Obese people
This vitamin stays in the system longer and can build up to toxic levels
Vitamin D
Necessary for normal nerves and muscles
Regulates absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
Pregnancy and lactation
Vitamin D
Signs of deficiency of Vitamin D
Deformed skeleton
Poor tooth and bone structure
Osterporosis
Tetany
Vitamin abundunt in nature, found in cereals, wheat germ, seeds, uts, veg oils, eggs, meat and poultry.
Vitamin E
Also known as Tocopherol
Necessary for normal metabolism, protection of RBCs,
Treatment protocols for early management of Alzheimer's
Vitamin E
Chemical elements occuring in nature and in body fluids
Minerals
What are the principal minerlas in the body
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium and iron
Principal minerals in the extracellular body fluids
Sodium and Chloride
Excessive potassium in the blood
hyperkalemia
This mineral should never be hung in IV solution
Potassium
Mineral component of bones and teeth
Absorbed in the small intestines with the help of Vit. D
Calcium
Oxygen-carrying component of blood
Found in meat
Iron
Essential element in metabolism
Component of numerous enzymes
Zinc
Referred to as anticancer foods or natural drugs
Inhibit cell destruction in damaged or aging tissue
Antioxidants
Any compound that fights against the destructive effects of free radical oxidants. Comprised of enzmes, vitamins, and minerals
