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How many times does a healthy adult male's heart beat in a minute?
75
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What is the cardiac output?
how much blood is pumped from one ventricle per minute
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Where is the heart?
in the mediastinum and posterior to the sternum
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Which atrium is positioned more anterior?
right
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What is the fibrous sac that holds the heart called?
pericardium
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What are the two portions of the pericardium?
- outer is called fibrous pericardium
- inner is called serous pericardium, which has inner parietal layer and outer visceral layer (also called the epicardium)
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What is inflammation or bleeding the in the pericardial cavity called?
- cardiac tamponade
- characterized by pulsus paradoxus, jugular vein distention, and falling blood pressure
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Where do heart attacks occur?
in the myocardial layer (myocardial infarction)
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What is the flat like extension of the anterior portion of each atrium called?
auricle
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Where is fibrous skeleton in the heart?
in between the atria and ventricles, which provides electrical insulation
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What three veins enter into the right atrium?
- inferior vena cava
- superior vena cava
- coronary sinus
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What is the area between the right and left atrium called and what is there in a fetus?
- interatrial septum
- fossa ovalis
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What seperates the right atrium and ventricle?
tricuspid valve
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What wall is formed between the two ventricles?
intraventricular septum
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What are the muscular ridges in the ventricles called?
trabeculae carnae
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What holds the valves in the heart from folding in on themselves?
chordae tendinae, which are anchored by papillary muscles
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What valve is at the end of the right ventricle?
pulmonary semilunar valve
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How do the semilunar valves close?
fill and close from blood trying to backflow
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What valve seperates the left atrium and ventricle?
tricuspid or mitral valve
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How much thicker is the left ventricle than the right?
3x
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What arteries branch out from the aorta immediately after leaving the heart?
coronary arteries
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What is an inadequate supply of oxygen and blood to a part of the body called?
ischemia
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What are the two types of ischemia in the heart?
- silent myocardial ischemia
- angina pectoris
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What is an abnormally increased heart rate called?
tachycardia
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What is abnormally low blood pressure called?
hypotension
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How is a heartbeat initiated?
through fibers of the sinoatrial node
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Where do SA node impules travel?
to the atrioventricular node
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Where do impulses travel after the AV node?
to the AV bundle, also called the bundle of His
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What fibers receive impulses at the end of the heart?
purkinje fibers
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What nerve fibers carry out sympathetic innervation?
T1-T5
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What nerve fibers carry out parasympathetic innervations?
medulla oblongata via the left and right vagus nerves
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What is a very slow heartbeat condition called?
bradycardia
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What is the purpose of the foramen ovale?
as an embryo, lungs aren't used, so it's shifted to left atrium through septum primum
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What is is called if the foramen ovale doesn't close properly?
patent foramen ovale, perforated fossa ovalis, atrial septal defect
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