Ess of ES - Skeleton-Nerves.csv

• "Compact, dense bone that is found in the shafts of long bones and the vertebral endplates."
• Also called Compact bone.
• Makes up 75% of the human skeleton.

• Spongy bone compased of thin plates that form a honeycome pattern; predominantely found in the ends of long bones and the vertebral bodies.
• Also called Cancellous bone
• Provides a large surface area for mineral exchange and helps to maintain skeletal strength and integrity.
• Makes up 25% of the human skeleton.

The shaft of a long bone

The end of a long bone.

• The hollow space inside the diaphysis of a long bone.
• Used as a storage site for fat
• Also called the Yellow Bonen Marrow Cavity
• Lined by the endosteum

A soft connective tissue lining the internal surface of the diaphysis (medullary cavity) on a long bone.

• Also called a Growth Plate
• Separates the diaphysis and the epiphysis in children and young adults
• Location of bone growth.
• "After growth phases are complete, it is replaced by bone and called the Epiphyseal Line."

• "A double-layered connective tissue sheath surrounding the outer surface bones, except for the articular cartilage."
• Contains nerves and blood vessels and serves to cover and nourish the bone.
• Serves as the attachement sites for tendons/muscles.

Cells that build up the bones.

Cells that dissolve the bone.

• Form follows function
• Changes in bone structure coincide with changes in bone function.
• Bone is capable of increasing its strength in response to stress/force (e.g. exercise) by creating more bone.

"Approximately 10%, which mean the entire skeleton is remodeled in approximately 10 years."

• 206 total
• 74 in the Axial Skeleton
• 126 in the Appendicular Skeleton
• 6 Auditory ossicles

• 74 Bones
• Skull
• Vertebral Column (including the Sacrum and Coccyx)
• Sternum
• Ribs

• Provide the main axial support for the body
• Protect the Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Protect the organs of the thorax

• Total 24 (or 33)
• 7 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• (5 Sacral - Fused)
• (4 in Coccyx - Fused)

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

• "Held tightly together by fibrous connective tissues, allowing little or no movement."
• "Synarthroidal: ""Immovable Joint"""
• "Examples: Cranial Sutures, distal Tibiofibular joint"

• Bone are connected by cartilage and allow little or no movement.
• "Amphiarthroidal (""Slightly Moveable Joint"")"
• "Includes Symphyses, which contain a fibrocartilaginous pad or disk, as in pubic symphysis or vertebral discs."

• Diarthoidal (Freely moveable)
• Articular (Hyaline) cartilage
• Articular Capsule
• Synovial Membrane
• Synovial Fluid

• Joints that move in only one plane and have only one axis of rotation.
• "Also called ""hinge joints"""

• Allow movement in two planes that are perpendicular to each other.
• "e.g. Knee, Hand, Wrist"

• Allow movement in three planes.
• "e.g. hip, thumb, shoulder"

• Gliding
• Angular
• Circumduction
• Rotation

"A group of nerve cells bodies, usually located in the PNS."

• 12 Cranial
• 8 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• 5 Sacral
• 1 Coccygeal

• Sympathetic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic Nervous System

• Somatic
• Autonomic Nervous System

The site at which a motor neuron transmits information to a muscle fiber.

• Specialized bulblike mechanoreceptors located in the subcutaneous tissues of the skin (and in joint capsules) that are responsible for detecting pressue.
• "Occur abundantly in the skin of palms, soles, and in joints."

• A Specialized mechanoreceptor located in the superficial aspect of the skin responsible for detecting light touch.
• "Occur abundantly in the skin of the fingertips, palms, soles, lips, tongue, and face."

• A specialized mechanoreceptor located in the joint capsule responsible for detecting joint compression.
• Any weightbearing activity stimulates these receptors.

• A musculotendinous sensory organ (proprioceptor) within tendons that detects tension within its associated muscle when the muscle is contracted or stretched.
• Causes autogenic inhibition (relaxation) in its assocated muscle and activation in the antagonist muscle.
• Connected to approximately 15-20 muscle fibers.

• A musculotendinous receptor located in the muscle belly which lies parallel to the muscle fibers.
• Senses when a muscles is stretched and caused the muscle to then reflexively contract (reflex stretch)
• Also causes the antagonist muscle to relax (reciprocal inhibition).

• Three semicircular canals in the inner ear that lie at right angles to each other
• "Part of the CNS that coordinates reflexes of the eyes, neck, and body to maintain equilibrium in accordance with posture and movement of the head."