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How big is a typical human brain?
1300 cc and 3 pounds
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What are the 4 regions of the brain?
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
- cerebellum
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What are brain folds called?
gyri
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What are brain depressions called?
sulci
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What does rostral mean?
superior
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What does caudal mean?
inferior
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What are the 5 regions of the nueral tube?
- telencephalon: cerebrum
- diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
- mesencephalon: midbrain
- metencephalon: pons and cerebellum
- myelencephalon: medulla oblongata
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Is gray or white matter on the outside region of the brain?
gray matter
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What is the inner region of white matter called?
medulla
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What are the three layers of the meninges?
- pia mater
- arachnoid mater
- dura mater
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Where in the meninges does infection usually occur?
subdural space
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What are the two layers of the dura mater?
- meningeal: deep to periosteal
- periosteal: internal surface of cranial bones
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What are the blood filled spaces between dura mater called?
dural venous sinuses
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What seperates the dura mater from the bones of the skull?
epidural space, which is usually not a space at all unless it has trauma
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What are the 4 septa of the dura mater?
- falx cerebri: largest, seperates into longitudinal fissure. Anterior attachment is crista galli and posterior attachment is tentorium cerebelli
- tentorium cerebelli: seperates temporal and occipital lobes. Has an anterior gap for the brainstem called tentorial notch
- falx cerebelli: divides left and right cerebellar hemispheres
- diphragma sellae: roof of sella turcica
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Where are the 4 ventricles located in the brain?
- 1-2: cerebrum
- 3: diencephalon
- 4: tetrahedron shaped between pons and cerebellum
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Where is cerebrospinal fluid located?
in the subarachnoid space and ventricles
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What are some important functions of the CSF?
- buoyancy
- protection
- stability
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Where is CSF formed?
in the choroid plexi
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What is the rate of CSF production?
500mL/day
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What is the total volume of CSF in the subarachnoid space at a given time?
100-160mL
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What extends through the dura mater into the dural venous sinuses to alow CSF to return to the blood?
arachnoid villi, collections of which are called arachnoid granulations
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Where in the brain is a lack of a blood-brain barrier?
- choroid plexi
- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
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What is gap seperatin the cerebral hemispheres called?
longitudinal fissure
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What white matter allows for communication between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum?
corpus callosum
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What are the 5 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?
- frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
- insula: inside all the lobes
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What is rebounding injury of the brain called?
coup-contrecoup
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What is the diencephalon composed of?
- epithalumus: houses pineal gland, secretes melatonin
- thalamus: relay point for all sensory information
- hypothalamus: infundibulum runs from hypothalamus to pituitary gland.
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
- influence heart rate, blood pressure, digestive activities, and respiration
- master control of the ndocrine system
- body's thermostat
- controls emotional responses
- controls hunger
- thirst center
- regulates circadian rythms
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What are the three regions of the brainstem?
- mesencephalon
- pons
- medulla oblongata: formed from myelencephalon
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What is crossing over of nerve tracts called and where does it occur?
decussation occurs in the medulla oblongata
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What are some functions of the medulla oblongata?
- snesory relay for some cranial nerves
- relay to the thalamus
- cardiac center
- vasomotor center, controls contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in arterioles
- respiratory center
- involved in diaphragmatic spasm (coughing, sneezing, salivation, swallowing)
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What is the white region of the cerebellum called?
arbor vitae
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What does the cerebellum do?
controls equilibrium, precise movements, resting muscle tone, and posture
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What are the two components of the reticular formation?
- motor component: regulates muscle tone
- sensory (component reticular activating system, RAS): maintains state of awarenes or conciousness
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What is referred to as the emotional brain?
limbic system
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What is the sequence of events called when the cerebrum pushes down through the tentorial incisure and what is the sequence?
- rostrocaudal brain deterioration
- a. brain swelles and leads to hypoxia (loss of oxygen)
- b. pressure on RAS leads to unconciousness
- c. decorticate posturing occurs (like holding a cord of wood)
- d. decerbrate posturing occurs (like waiter reaching for a tip)
- e. brain death
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What is a stroke called and what causes it?
- cerebrovascular accident
- thrombus in artery or aneurysm that ruptures
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What is hemiplegia and what causes it?
contralateral paralysis, caused by stroke
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