Decrease in cell size
Caused by decreased work load
Limb in a cast
Atrophy
Increase in cell size
Caused by extra work load
Prolonged Hypertension, body builder muscle
Hypertrophy
Muscles that have terminal cells that do not undergo mitosis
Skeletal
Increased number of cells from mitosis
Caused by compensatory hyperplasia
Liver regeneration, tumor formation, endometrium lining
Hyperplasia
Conversion of normal tissue into abnormal form(replaces one mature cell with another)
Follows chronic stress or injury
Smokers bronchial cilia chages, adaptive mechanisms
Metaplasia
Called Atypical Hyperplasia
abnormal changes in mature cells
larger nuclei
Breast biopsy
dysplasia
Cells that are undifferentiated, vary in nuclei and structure
Basis for tumor grading
Anaplasia
New growth
Tumor
Neoplasm
Cancer refers to _____ neoplasm
malignant
3 ways a cell can be injured?
Deficiency
Trauma
Intoxication
Decreased blood supply to cells
Results in low O2
Single most common cellular injury
Ischemia(Hypoxic Injury)
Examples of physical agents that cause cellular trauma
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Radiation
Mechanical Pressure
Microbiologic Injury
Extreme cold
ice crystals form in cells cytoplasm
frostbite
Hypothermia
Extreme heat
Disrupts and coagulates proteins
Burns
Hyperthermia
Disrupts nucleic acid, especially DNA
Leukemia from X-rays
radiation
Pressure applied to body surface
mechanical pressure
Invasion and multiplication of a pathogen
Infection
Caused by bacterial or viral infection
microbiological injury
What causes physical damage by releasing potent enzymes that break up the host CT?
Bacteria
What multiply's within the cell, causes cell membranes to rupture, which then releases them to infect nearby cells?
Virus
Produced by microorganism such as bacteria during infection
Biological toxins
Cell programmed death
Apoptosis
Group of cells in the body die
Infarction, gangrene
Necrosis
Area of dead cells due to lack of O2(ischemia)
infarction
Area of necrotic tissue that was invaded by bacteria
gangrene
Cause of a disease
Etiology
Largest category of etiology
Genes and development are normal, other factors produce disease
TB, AIDS, Emphysema
Acquired Disease
Unkown cause of disease
Idiopathic
Objecective evidence of a disease
Can be seen or measured
sign
Subjective evidence of disease
Felt by patient
Symptom
Collection of signs and symptoms
syndrome
Scientific method used to determine disease
physical exam, history, and tests
Diagnosis
Secondary changes resulting from primary disease
complications
Long term effects of a disease
Sequela
Disease acquired from a health care facility
Noscomial
When a treatment, error, or procedure cause a disease
Iatrogenic
Tendencies that promte disease development in an individual
predisposing factors
Development of a disease, sequence of events
pathogenesis
short-term illness
Develops quickly
Acute
Develops gradually and persists over time
Chronic
Manifestation of a disease subside
Remissions
Manifestation of a disease increase
Exacerbations
Condition that triggers an acute episode
precipitating factors
Study of disease pattern or occurance
epidemiology
Which of the following adaptive changes is considered to be the most dangerous in regards to malignant changes?
C. dysplasia
Which of the following examples are an example of hyperplasia?
1. increase in the size of a trained athletes heart
2. thickening in the gallbladder walls in response to gallstones
3. calluses on a laborer's hands
4. larger prostate with age
3 and 4
What term describes failure of cells to develop specilized features?
C. anaplasia
A disease that indicates a short-term illness that develops very quickly with marked signs
C. acute
Collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ, usually occur together in response to a certain condition
B. syndrome
Unwanted outcomes of a primary condition, such as paralysis following recovery from a stroke
A. sequela
What are the 4 types of etiology?
Genetic
Congenital
Aquired
Idiopathic
What are the 3 types of hyperplasia with examples?
compensatory-adaptive mechanisms, liver
hormonal- endometrium, increased by estrogen also
pathological- abnormal proliferation, tumor
What cells can be transformed into malignant cells?
dysplasia
normal gene mutates
color blindness, sickle cell anemia, hemophhilia
