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Organs involved with pulmonology
trachea, bronchi, lungs, and pleura
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alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
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coni/o
dust, used to refer to particales inhaled into the lungs
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trache/o
trachea, windpipe
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orth/o
straight, primarily used to refer to bone or skeleton terms
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-centesis
puncture to withdraw fluid
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-ectasis
dialted, expansion
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-ostomy
create a new opening
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-ptysis
spitting; means coughing up and spitting out of blood coming from lungs or bronchi
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-scope
instrument for viewing
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-scope
instrument for viewing
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-thorax
chest; this suffix used to indicate presence of substance in chest
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alveolus
thin-walled sacs at end of bronchioles; exchange of oxygen take place between air in alveoli and capillary blood supply surrounding them
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bronchus
the bronchi are the two main divisions of trachea that carry air into each long; they subdivide into more narrow bronchi and eventually become the narrowest bronchioles
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bronchioles
the narrowest airway tubes; carry air from bronchi to alveoli
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lobe
each lung is subdivided into lobes; right lung has three lobes, left lung has two
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Mediastinum
The mediastinum is the central region of thoracic cavity between the lungs; contains trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus, lymph nodes and thymus gland
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pleura
double layered membrane that forms protective sac around lungs
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parietal pleura
outer layer of pleura, forms protective sac around lungs and lines thoracic cavity
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visceral pleura
inner layer of pleura, covers lungs
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pleural cavity
space formed by folded pleura
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trachea
the tube that carries air from throat down into chest cavity, splits into two main bronchi, commonly called windpipe
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adult repiratory distress syndrome
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- acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxia
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arterial blood gases
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- laboratory test for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide present in blood
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asphyxia, asphyxiation
lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately; some common causes are drowning, foreign body in respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock; also called suffocation
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aspirate
inhaling fluid or foreign object into airways
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asthma
disease caused by various conditions, such as allergies, and resulting in bronchospasm, excessive mucus production, inflammation, airway constriction, wheezing, and coughing
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atelectasis
- atel/o = incomplete
- -ectasis = dilation
- condition in which lung tissue collapses, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
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bronchodilator
any medication that causes bronchi to dilate
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bronchogenic carcinoma
malignant lung tumor that orginates in bronchi, often associated with a history of smoking
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation
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- applying external compressions to rib cage to maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of lungs during cardiac and respiratory arrest.
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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- progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible condition in which air flow to and from lungs is decreased; patient can have severe dyspnea with exertion and cough; also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)
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croup
acute viral infection in infants and children; symptoms include dyspnea and a characteristic harsh cough
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cystic fibrosis
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- genetic condition that causes patient to produce very thick mucus resulting in severe congestion within lungs and digestive system. Life expectancy around 30 yrs. :-(
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emphysema
pulmonary condition resulting from destruction of alveolar walls leading to overinflated alveoli; can occur as result of long-term heavy smoking or exposure to air pollution; characterized by dyspnea on exertion
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endotracheal intubation
- (ET) "phone home" lol
- placing tube through mouth and into trachea to maintain open airway and facilitate artificial ventilation
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hyperventilation
to breath too quickly (tachypnea) and too deeply (hyperpnea)
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hypoventilation
to breath too slowly (bradypnea) and too shallowly (hypopnea)
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hypoxia
having insufficient amount of oxygen in body
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influenza
- (flu) acute viral infection of airways; usually highly contagious; symptoms include chills, fever, body aches, and dry cough. Pt usually wants to just die. (why don't they mention throwing up? duh)
- cold vs flu: cold has milder symptoms.
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phlegm
thick mucus secreted by mucous membranes lining respiratory tract; phlegm is coughed through mouth is call sputum.
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pleural effusion
abnormal presence of fluid of gas in pleural cavity; presence of this fluid can be detected by tapping chest (percussion) or listening with stethoscope (ausculation)
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pleurisy
inflammation of pleura
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pneumonia
acute inflammatory condition of lung, which can be caused by bacterial and viral infections, diseases, and chemicals; severe dyspnea and death can result with alveoli fill with fluid (pulmonary infiltrate)
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pneumothorax
collection of air or gas in pleural cavity, which can result in collapse of lung
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pulmonary edema
condition in which lung tissue retains excessive amount of fluid; results in dyspnea
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pulmonary embolism
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- blood clot or air bubble in pulmonary artery or one or its branches; results in infarct of lung tissue
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purulent
containing pus, as in purulent sputum
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rales
abnormal "crackling" sound made during inhalation; caused by mucus or fluid in airways
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rhonchi
whistling sound that can be heard during either inhalation or exhalation; caused by narrowing of bronchi as in asthma or infection; also called wheezing
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sputum
mucus or phlegm coughed up and spit out from respiratory tract
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sudden infant death syndrome
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- unexpected and unexplained death of apparently well infant; sleep apnea, airway spasms, and failure of nerves to stimulate diaphragm have been studied as possible causes
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sweat test
diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis; children with this disease lose excessive amount of salt in their sweat
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tuberculosis
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- infectious disease caused by tubercle bacillus; most commonly affects respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification in lungs
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ventilator
mechanical divice to assist patient to breathe
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ARDS
ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
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COPD
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
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TPR
temperature, pulse, and respiration
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