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According to the lecture, Social Constructionists employ a relativistic definition of crime whereby "Crime is..."
Any act deemed criminal by the powerful
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According to the lecture, a crime based on "MALA IN SE" (Evil in and of itself) include:
Aggravated assault, sexual assault, and simple assault
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According ot the lecture an example of crime based upon "MALA PROHIBITA" (wrong because it is prohibited) is:
Gambling, prostitution, and smoking marijuana
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According to Lemert (1951), ___________ is precipitated by the negative self-stigmatization that results when others apply a label.
Secondary Deviance
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According to labeling theory, once an individual has been labeled "criminal", that label becomes that person's ______________ or controlling public identification.
Master Status
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According to Chambliss's article The Saints and the Roughnecks (1984), middle-class boys and lower-class boy differed significantly in:
How agents of social control treated them.
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In response to negative criticisms of an overly harsh criminal justice process shaming those labeled as "criminal", John Braithwaite (1989) proposed the idea of:
Reintegrative Shaming
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According to the Theory, labeling someone as "criminal" could end up as a
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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According to the lecture, which is a source of incarceration disparities?
Bias in law enforcement, bias in policy maknig, and differential involvement
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Which Conflict Theory is mostly concerned with estimating "conflict potential" and the construction of "legal norms"?
Turk's Legal Order Theory
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In Legal Order Theory, Turk (1969) is inetersted in the relations between:
Authorities and subjects
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Of the 3 modern conflict theorists discussed, Quinney is clearly themost philosophical, initially arguing that "reality is a state of mind" and that "there is no reason to believe in the objective existence of anything" Statements about subjectivity like these draw heavily upon the European tradition of:
Philosophical Idealism
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Chambliss's Legal Reality Thoery stresses that legal sanctions tend to be enforced through bureaucratic organizations that:
have their own interests and agendas
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In Chambliss's view, the criminal justice bureaucracies tend to treat which socioeconomic class the harshest?
The lower class
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According to the labeling theory, what is the difference between Primary and Secondary Deviance?
- Primary: Deviance just to be deviant
- Secondary: Deviance due to a label of being "deviant"
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According to Chambliss's Legal reality Theory, attempts at bureaucratic efficiency compromise the official goal of impartial law enforcement. Briefly explain how departmental goals can cause biased policing.
Police know a lot of crime happens in certain areas so in order to get their quota they will hang out there instead of patrolling in other places that could/probably have crime going on as well
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What is teh "Ceremony of Reintegration" in Braithwaite's Theory?
- -The idea that criminals should meet with those they ahve done wrong to and apologize and be "reintegrated" into society.
- Form of disintegrative shaming inteded to remove stigmatizing label
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Sexism exists when one gender is valued over and above the other. In Western culture where masculinity is valued over feminity, this sexism is caled:
Patriarchy
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According to Feminist Theory, gender is:
A social construction
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According to power control theory, almost all people are indoctrinated into patriarchy by:
The Family
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According to your textbook the emphasis on power differences between men and women, due in large part to patriarchy, leads women into "powerless" types of crime such as:
Prostituion and small-scale fraud
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Messerschmidt (1993) uses gender to construct a unique theory of crime which he calls "doing gender". In this model, the dominant cultural script that compels men to strive for competivtive individualism, independence, aggressiveness, and authority/control over others (all strong correlates of crime) is called:
Hegemonic masculinity
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According to Messerschmidt's "doing gender", what other factors affect young men's abilities to display maleness?
age, class, and race
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While conflict Theory is critical of power and structure, Post-Modern Theory is critical of:
Knowledge and Science
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Conservative criminology appears to be most at odds with what body of theories?
Critical criminology
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Based upon the way Broken Windows theory was interpreted, policy makers in the 1990s instituted police practices such as____________, in an attempt to preempt future crime.
"Zero Tolerance" policing
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According to Hernstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve, what is the most robust predictor of crime?
Intelligence
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The "return of the Individual" to criminology sparked a
New interested in Biosocial Theories, Renewed interest in Biological Positivism, and Renewed interest in Classical Theories
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According to evolutionary-based Cheater Theory, males have evolved two alternative reproductive strategies to ensure reproduction. For the sake of parsimony, these two approaches have been relabeled:
"Cads" and "Dads"
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According to research in biosociology, which neurotransmitter is associated with violence or other forms of antisocial behavior?
Dopamine, Serotonin, Neuroepinephrine
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According to the lecture on trait-based approaches, the Behavioral Activiation System (BAS) is like the __________________ on the human car
gas pedal
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Explain how boys and girls are socialized differently according to John Hagan's power ctonrol theory.
- Girls are more passive. They are controlled and more well-behaved
- Boys are more aggressive. They are less controlled and act out more.
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According to the Age-Crime Curve, the approximate peak of offending over the life-course is at age
17
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According to the lecture, myelination is a process of brain maturation that starts in the rear of the brain and is initiated by
Puberty
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A Developmental/Life-Course theory of pure continuity in offending is:
Gottfredson and Hirschi's Low Self-Control theory
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According to the lecture about the Age-Crime Cruve, by age 28 almost __________ of former delinquents have desisted from offending.
85%
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According to Moffitt, the small group of individuals that engage in anti-social behavior at every point in life is called the:
Life-Course Persistent offenders
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Adolescent-Limited offenders tend to engage in benign, low-level offenses with little to no long-term consequences. Examples of these rebelliuos forms of delinquency include all of the following EXCEPT:
Assault (not marijuana use, shoplifting, or vandalism)
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Persistence in offeending due to ____________ continuity is the result of carrying the same constellation of problematic traits from childhood to adulthood.
Contemporary
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According to Moffitt's original Developmental Taxonomy, ______________ are the larger group, containing nearly 90% of delinquents.
Adolescent-Limited Offenders
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Life-couse Persistent Offenders tend to have childhood neuropsychological defects in:
Executive Functioning and Verbal Intelligence
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While Sampson and Laub acknowldge the possibility of underlying pathological differences in chilhood, tey argue ttaht agents of informal social control like ________ can overcome negative child effecs like difficult temperament
Effective parenting
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According to Sampson and Laub, persistence in offending is the result of:
Cumulative Continuity and Cumulative Disadvantage
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According to Sampson and Laub, the 3 adult institutions of social onding, or "Turning Points" that can lead to desistance including all of the following EXCEPT:
higher education (not employment, marriage, or the military)
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According to Sampson and Laub, persistence in offending is due in part to ___________ continuity, when an individual becomes ensnared in a deviant lifestyle due to the long-term negative consequences of earlier delinquency and crime
Cumulative
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According to Sampson and Laub, as an individual accrues more and more ______ by investing in meaningful adult institutions, he or she will grow less likely to offend because the risks become too "costly".
Social Capital
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What is the "maturity gap" in Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy and how does it cause Adolescent-Limited offending? (Hint: be sure to mention "social mimicry")
- Maturity Gap: The Gap between biological and social mimicry
- Adopt LCPs as deviant role models and "mimic" their social behavior
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According to sampson and Laub, what is "cumulative disadvantage" and how does it explain criminal persistence?
Cumulative Disadvantage: Structural factors of a neighborhood (economic deprivation, social isolation, cultural disorganization, and family disruption) It blocks adult bonding opportunities.
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As measures of Contemporary Continuity, how are Homotypic behaviors different from Heterotypic behaviors?
- Homotypic: Same physically agressive behaviors from childhood to adulthood
- Heterotypic: Shift from physical to social agression (form changes but unerlying trait is the same)
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