Criminology Exam 2

According to the lecture, Social Constructionists employ a relativistic definition of crime whereby "Crime is..."

According to the lecture, a crime based on "MALA IN SE" (Evil in and of itself) include:

According ot the lecture an example of crime based upon "MALA PROHIBITA" (wrong because it is prohibited) is:

According to Lemert (1951), ___________ is precipitated by the negative self-stigmatization that results when others apply a label.

According to labeling theory, once an individual has been labeled "criminal", that label becomes that person's ______________ or controlling public identification.

According to Chambliss's article The Saints and the Roughnecks (1984), middle-class boys and lower-class boy differed significantly in:

In response to negative criticisms of an overly harsh criminal justice process shaming those labeled as "criminal", John Braithwaite (1989) proposed the idea of:

According to the Theory, labeling someone as "criminal" could end up as a

According to the lecture, which is a source of incarceration disparities?

Which Conflict Theory is mostly concerned with estimating "conflict potential" and the construction of "legal norms"?

In Legal Order Theory, Turk (1969) is inetersted in the relations between:

Of the 3 modern conflict theorists discussed, Quinney is clearly themost philosophical, initially arguing that "reality is a state of mind" and that "there is no reason to believe in the objective existence of anything" Statements about subjectivity like these draw heavily upon the European tradition of:

Chambliss's Legal Reality Thoery stresses that legal sanctions tend to be enforced through bureaucratic organizations that:

In Chambliss's view, the criminal justice bureaucracies tend to treat which socioeconomic class the harshest?

According to the labeling theory, what is the difference between Primary and Secondary Deviance?

According to Chambliss's Legal reality Theory, attempts at bureaucratic efficiency compromise the official goal of impartial law enforcement. Briefly explain how departmental goals can cause biased policing.

What is teh "Ceremony of Reintegration" in Braithwaite's Theory?

Sexism exists when one gender is valued over and above the other. In Western culture where masculinity is valued over feminity, this sexism is caled:

According to Feminist Theory, gender is:

According to power control theory, almost all people are indoctrinated into patriarchy by:

According to your textbook the emphasis on power differences between men and women, due in large part to patriarchy, leads women into "powerless" types of crime such as:

Messerschmidt (1993) uses gender to construct a unique theory of crime which he calls "doing gender". In this model, the dominant cultural script that compels men to strive for competivtive individualism, independence, aggressiveness, and authority/control over others (all strong correlates of crime) is called:

According to Messerschmidt's "doing gender", what other factors affect young men's abilities to display maleness?

While conflict Theory is critical of power and structure, Post-Modern Theory is critical of:

Conservative criminology appears to be most at odds with what body of theories?

Based upon the way Broken Windows theory was interpreted, policy makers in the 1990s instituted police practices such as____________, in an attempt to preempt future crime.

According to Hernstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve, what is the most robust predictor of crime?

The "return of the Individual" to criminology sparked a

According to evolutionary-based Cheater Theory, males have evolved two alternative reproductive strategies to ensure reproduction. For the sake of parsimony, these two approaches have been relabeled:

According to research in biosociology, which neurotransmitter is associated with violence or other forms of antisocial behavior?

According to the lecture on trait-based approaches, the Behavioral Activiation System (BAS) is like the __________________ on the human car

Explain how boys and girls are socialized differently according to John Hagan's power ctonrol theory.

According to the Age-Crime Curve, the approximate peak of offending over the life-course is at age

According to the lecture, myelination is a process of brain maturation that starts in the rear of the brain and is initiated by

A Developmental/Life-Course theory of pure continuity in offending is:

According to the lecture about the Age-Crime Cruve, by age 28 almost __________ of former delinquents have desisted from offending.

According to Moffitt, the small group of individuals that engage in anti-social behavior at every point in life is called the:

Adolescent-Limited offenders tend to engage in benign, low-level offenses with little to no long-term consequences. Examples of these rebelliuos forms of delinquency include all of the following EXCEPT:

Persistence in offeending due to ____________ continuity is the result of carrying the same constellation of problematic traits from childhood to adulthood.

According to Moffitt's original Developmental Taxonomy, ______________ are the larger group, containing nearly 90% of delinquents.

Life-couse Persistent Offenders tend to have childhood neuropsychological defects in:

While Sampson and Laub acknowldge the possibility of underlying pathological differences in chilhood, tey argue ttaht agents of informal social control like ________ can overcome negative child effecs like difficult temperament

According to Sampson and Laub, persistence in offending is the result of:

According to Sampson and Laub, the 3 adult institutions of social onding, or "Turning Points" that can lead to desistance including all of the following EXCEPT:

According to Sampson and Laub, persistence in offending is due in part to ___________ continuity, when an individual becomes ensnared in a deviant lifestyle due to the long-term negative consequences of earlier delinquency and crime

According to Sampson and Laub, as an individual accrues more and more ______ by investing in meaningful adult institutions, he or she will grow less likely to offend because the risks become too "costly".

What is the "maturity gap" in Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy and how does it cause Adolescent-Limited offending? (Hint: be sure to mention "social mimicry")

According to sampson and Laub, what is "cumulative disadvantage" and how does it explain criminal persistence?

As measures of Contemporary Continuity, how are Homotypic behaviors different from Heterotypic behaviors?