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How does the sympathetic system affect Insulin release?
alpha-2 decreases insulin release
Beta-2 INCREASES insulin release
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Patient was in a car crash and just had a transfusion done. Suddenly he complains of SOB, pain, fever, chills, what is going on??/
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction.
The preformed antibodies attack the cells, recruit complement. Type II ! C5-c9 do Cell lysis, and then C3a and C5a cause anaphylaxis
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Pain sensation from anterior to cecum of the tongue is carried by which nerve?
V3 of the CN5 nerve.
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What is Not contained in breast milk ?
- 1. Vitamin K==must inject into all newborns to prevent hemorrhagic necrosis
- 2. Vitamin D: (they usually get some from sunlight though). if they are dark-skinned though, they might need more.
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Most of the enveloped viruses acquire their lipid phospholipids from the plasma membrane, however, these viruses acquire the membrane from the Cells nuclear membrane?
All the Herpes family viruses
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PAS-positive globules in the liver?
misfolded alpha-anti-trypsin, thus, there will be destruction of the alveolar sepatate, because No more protection from the Neutrophils releasing Elastase.
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Name the circular DNA molecules?
- Hepadna = HBV
- Papilloma= HPV
- Polyoma= JC, BK virus
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this virus has a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase and it is NOT HIV?
Hepadnavirus
(HBV)
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Lymph node is non-tender, and keeps waxing and waning in size....
Follicular lymphoma
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Water source exposed them to this bacteria
Pseudomonas
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does COX-2 have any effect on platelets?
NO, but the only advantage of using COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, is to lessen the risk of bleeding and gastric ulcers.
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the most helpful index for diagnosing spherocytosis, besides increased osmotic fragility test?
Increased MCHC.
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Symmetric enlargement of the ventricles
Infection/hemorrhage may have impaired the arachnoid villi--> defect in Arachnoid granulations
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Patients with PCOS who want to be pregnant are given...
Clomiphene.....modulates estrogen receptor to prevent negative feedback on hypothalamus by circulating estrogens
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Renal Cell Carcinoma orginates from
- Epithelial Cells of the Proximal Renal Tubules
- (loves endothelial cells)
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best drug for trigeminal neuralgia?
Carbamazapine
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Acanthosis Nigracans
Insulin resistance and Gastric malignancy
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Mifepristone
Inhibits progesterone receptors.
We usually administer it with Misoprostol to enhance its effects
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Out of glucose, mannose-6-phosphate, galactose, or fructose.....which one has the fastest metabolism in the glycolytic pathway???
Fructose-1-P because it totally bypasses the PFK-1 rate-limiting step!
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Turner's syndrome is usually caused by
Mitotic error in early development. (can be monosomy or mosaicism)
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What are 2 ways to get Prader Willi syndrome
1. Abnormal Methylation of the gene that should have been active.
2. Uniparental Disomy: 2 chromosomes from one parent, and none from the other.
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Can Strep. Pneumo be cultured in bile?
NO, because it is soluble in it!!
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How are the members of Group D strep similar yet different?
Enterococci (E. Faecelium, or Peptostreptococcus)== GROW in Bile AND 6.5 % Saline (NaCl).
Non-enterococcus (strep. Bovis)== Grows in Bile, but not 6.5% NaCl
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Wedge shaped areas of necrosis over the cerebral convexity, lateral to the interhemispheric fissure?
Water Shed infarcts
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Hemorrhagic mediastinitus. (widened mediastinum). On microscope, long chords with "medusa" heads or " serpentine" look.
Anthrax
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Patient with a history of TIA is on a drug that lowered his WBC's?
Ticlopidine
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Most common cause of E. COli bacteremia?
UTI
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If a child at age 12, starts to have dyspnea and lower body cyanosis/.....
PDA
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