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excipients
inactive substances used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
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capsule
solid dosage form where the drug is enclosed within a gelatin shell that dissolves in the stomach after 10-30min
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enteric-coated
tablets meant to dissolve in the intestine
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buccal tablets
designed to be placed between the cheek and gum
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film-coated tablets
coated with a thin layer of water soluble material that dissolves rapidly in the stomach
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effervescent tablets
contain sodium bicarbonate and citric/tartaric acid so that when the drug is placed in liquid, an acid-base reaction causes CO2 gas bubbles and releases the active drug
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pellets
- cylinder shaped tablets meant for implantation beneath the skin;
- provide prolonged, continuous drug absorption of potent hormons
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irrigations
used to wash larger volumes and larger areas that douches
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gargles
- solutions that treat diseases of the throat;
- not swallowed
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sprays
solutions delivered as a mist against the mucous membranes of the nose and throat
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mucilages
thick, adhesive liquids containing pulpy components of vegetable matter
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elixir
hydro-alcoholic solution sweetened with a pleasant taste, have a good relative stability, and are easy to prepare
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tincture
- hydro-alcoholic solution prepared from vegetable, animal, or chemical materials;
- have a higher alcohol content than elixirs
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emulsion
mixture of 2 liquids that normally don't mix
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suspension
- mixture of very fine particles of an insoluble solid distributed through a gas, liquid, or solid;
- used for drugs not readily soluble
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external phase
liquid surrounding the internal phase (liquid present in small particles)
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ointment
semisolid preparation used for external application to the skin or mucous membrane
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cream
semisolid emulsions containing suspensions or solutions of drugs intended for external application
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gel
two-phase system consisting of a solid internal phase diffused throughout a viscous liquid phase
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inhalers
- contain solutions or suspensions of solid or liquid particles in gas or air;
- intended for inhalation via the nose or mouth
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aerosol dosage - 3 components
- 1) product concentrate
- 2) container
- 3) propellant
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MDI
- metered-dose inhalers;
- used in inhalation therapy for potent medications
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ampules
- self-enclosed glass containers that contain sterile drugs for injection into an IV bag;
- filter needle is used to remove anything greater than 5 microns
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parenteral administration
drugs bypass the GI tract
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bolus
a drug given intravenously over a short period
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IVP
- IV push;
- administration of a bolus (drug given intravenously over a short period of time)
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IVPB
- IV piggyback;
- drug is infused into a vein over hours or days by constant infusion or drip;
- provides continuous supply of the drug to the body
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IM
- intramuscular;
- drug is administered by a direct injection into a large muscle
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subcutaneous administration
- SC, subQ, or SQ;
- drug is injected under the skin (in fatty tissue);
- absorbed more slowly and less completely than by IV or IM routes
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intra-articular administration
into a joint
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intraventricular administration
into the cavities of the brain
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intrathecal administration
into the space around the spinal cord
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transdermal route of administration
- through the skin;
- used to deliver the drug systemically
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