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nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
upper respiratory
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function of upper respiratory (inhale)
filter, warm, humidify incomming air
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function of upper respiratory components
protect delicate structures of lower respiratory
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function of upper respiratory (exhale)
cool, dehumidify outgoing air
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pirmary passageway for entering the respiratory system
nose
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air enters through
paired external nares, or nostrils
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where do nostrils lead to?
opening up into the nasal cavity
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space within the flexible tissues of the nose
vestibule
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vestibule epithelium contain
course hairs, extending across nares
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prevents sand, airborne particals, and insects from entering the nose
course hairs on vestibular epithelium
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made up portions of the maxillary and palatine bones
hard palate
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floor of nasal cavity
hard palate
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separates nasal cavity and oral cavity
hard palate
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chamber shared by digestive and respiratory
pharynx
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tissue on laryngopharynx and oropharynx
stratified squamous epithelium
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stratified, squamous epithelium
resists abrasion, chemical attack, and invasions by pathogens
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where inhaled air leaves pharynx and enters larynx
glottis
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cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects glottis
larynx
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unpaired cartilages that form larynx (3)
- 1- thyroid cartilage
- 2- cricoid cartilage
- 3- epiglottis
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largest laryngeal cartilage
thyroid cartilage
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consists of hyline cartliage
thyroid cartilage
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forms anterior and lateral walls of the larynx
thyroid cartilage
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what happens during swallowing?
larynx elevates, epiglottis folds back over glottis (prevents food from entering)
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cartilages of Larynx (3)
- 1- arytenoid
- 2- corniculate
- 3- cuneiform
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cartilage articulate with superior border of enlarged portion of cricoid cartilage
arytenoid
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articulate with arytenoid cartilages
corniculate
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opening and closing of the glottis, and production of sound
arytenoid and corniculate
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involved in the production of sound
vocal folds a.k.a. vocal cords
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the trachea braches with the
mediastinum
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trachea branching to the mediastinum gives rise to the _____ and _____
Right pulmonary bronchi and left pulmonary bronchi
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divides the lungs into pulmonary lobules
interlobular septa
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simple squamous epithelium
alveolar epithelium
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Type I cells
simple squamous epithelium, thin and delicate
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alveolar ducts
thin, delicate, air bubbles
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what causes the alveolar walls not to collapse?
surfactant- without it, the walls would collapse
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physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation; breathing
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normal intestinal fluids PO2?
40 mm Hg
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blood entering the systemic circuits PO2?
40 mm Hg
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oxygen molecules bind to ___
hemoglobin (Hb) molecules (Fe)
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where are Fe ions
at centers of Hb units
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important regulator of respiration
CO2
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increase of arterial blood
hypercapnia
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prevents overexpansion of lungs during forced breathing
inflation reflex
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location of strech receptors for inflation reflex
smooth muscle tissues around bronchioles
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inflation reflex stimulated by
lung expanion
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inhibits expiratory centers, stimulates inspiratory centers, when lungs deflate
deflating reflex
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