When the clumping together of red blood cells by the action of an antibody
agglutination
A person that is A- has these antibodies.
Anti-B and anti-Rh
A person that is bloodtype B- can recieve these bloodtypes in a transfusion
B- and O-
In order to determine if a person is type A, this is added to the "A" well in the blood typing tray
Anti-A serum
These are the four components of blood
Plamsa
RBC
WBC
Platelets
The average human has this many liters of blood in their body
male - 5-6 and femal - 4-5
This is the percentage of blood lost from the body that would cause death
40%
How many different types of bases are associated with the makeup of DNA? What are they?
4.
A , T, C, G,
DNA is a polymer. True / False
What is the repeating unit of DNA
True
Nucleotide
The production of amino acid is coded by sequence of how many bases on the DNA molecule
3
What portions of DNA molecule is useful for DNA typing
A. Code for the production of proteins
B. Non-coding DNA fragments that are repeated many time
B.
What are components of a nucleotide? In which components we can fine differences between individuals in DNA typing?
Phosphorous Acid containing group, sugar, nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base
During gel electrophoresis the DNA is separated by
Fragment size
The rate at which large DNA fragments move through the electrophoresis gel is ___ the rate at which small DNA fragments move through the same gel
Less than
What is the technique that can produce many exact copies of segments of DNA
PCR
STRs normally consist of repeating sequences of ___ bases
3-7
What are advantages of working with short DNA fragments
1. more stable / less likely to break
2. less subject to degradation
3. quantity can be greatly ampified by PCR tech.
The discrimination power of mitochondrail DNA is ____ the discrimination power of STR nuclear DNA analysis
Less than
RFLP DNA strands are much shorter in length than STRs. T/F
F
What is the national system of shared DNA databases of DNA typing information from convicted criminals and crime scene evidence
CODIS
Give two examples of types of passive (dropping) blood stains
1. drops, drips, or clots
2. Drops created or formed by the force of gravitiy acting alone
Two examples of types of transfer stains
1. Swipe, wipe, smear, or smudge
2. A blood stain created when a wet, bloody surface comes in contact with a secondary surface
Two Examples of projected (impacted) blood stains.
1. Gush
2. A blood stain created when an exposed blood source is subjected to an action or force, greater than the force of gravity
What could be the cause of medium velocity blood spatter?
Impact from a hand or hand-held object
What could be the cause of high velocity blood spatter
a gunshot
When a droplet of blood strikes a surface at an angle perpendicular to that surface, what is the shape of the blood stain?
circle
As blood stain form at more and more acute angles, what happens to the shape of the blood stains?
they become more elongated
________the fluid portion of unclotted blood
Plasma
The liquid that seperates from the blood when a clot is fromed is called the _______
serum
_______ transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lung
RBC
On the surface of red blood cells are chemical substances called ____, which impart blood type characteristics to the cells
antigens
Type A individauls have _____ antigens on the surface of their RBC
A
Type O individuals have _______ A and B antigens on their RBC
Neither
The presence or absence of the _____ and ____ antigens on the RBC determines a person's blood type in the A-B-O system
A, B
The D antigen is also refered to a the ______ antigen
Rh
Serum contains proteins known as ______ which destroy or inactivate antigens
antibodies
An antibody reacts with (any, only a specific) antigen
only a specific
T / F Aggulatination describes the clumpinf together of RBC by the action of an antibody
True
Type B blood contains ____ antigens and anti____ antibodies
B, A
Type AB blood has (both / neither) anti - A / anti - B antigens
Neither
The term ______ describes the study of antigen-antibody reactions
serology
Type AB blood (is / is not) agglutinated by both anti - A and anti-B serum
Is
Type B red blood cells agglunitate when added to type ____ blood
A
Type A RBC agglutinate when added to type ___ blood
O
An immunolical assay technique used to detect the presence of minute quantities of drugs in blood and urine is _____
EMIT
______ reagent reacts wtih blood, causing it to luminesce
Luminol
Blood can be characterized as being of human origin by the ________ test
precipitin
The basic unit of heredity is the _____
gene
Genes are positioned on threadlike bodies called ______
Chromosomes
All nucleated cells in the human body, except the repriductive cells, have ___ pairs of chromosomes
23
The sex of an offspring is always determinded by the ______
father
Genes that influence a given characteritics and are aligned with one another on a chromosomes pair are known as _______
alleles
A ________ is an observable characteristic of an individual
Phenotype
The combination of genes present in the cells of an individual is called the _______
Genotypes
A gene (will /will not) appear in a child whien it is present in one of the parents
will
A type B individual may have the genotype ____ or the genotype ___
BO, BB
A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible genotypes? __________
AA, BB, AB
A type AB mother and type AB father will have offspring of what possible phenotypes? ________
A, B, AB,
A(n) ________ is a very large molecule made by linking a series of repeating units
polymer
A(n) ________ is complsed of sugar molecule, a phosphorus -containing group, and a nitrogen-containing molecule called a base
nucleotide
___ different bases are associated with the makeup of DNA
4
Watson and Crick demonstrated that DNA is composed of 2 strands coiled into the shape of a _________ ________
double helix
The structure of DNA requires the pairing of base A to ___ and the base G to ___
T,C
The base sequence T-G-C-A can be paired with the the base sequence _-_-_-_ in a double-helix configuration
A-C-G-T
The interitble traits that are controlled by DNA arise out of DNA's ability to direct the production of ________
proteins
_______ are derived from a combination of up to 20 known amino acids
Proteins
The production of an amino acid is controlled by a sequence of ___ bases on the DNA molecule
3
T/F Enzymes known as DNA polymerase assemble new DNA strands into a proper base sequence during replication
True
In STR DNA a typical DNA pattern shows ( 2,3) bands
3
Short DNA segments containing repeating sequences of 3 to 7 bases are called
STRS
The short lengths of STRs allows them to be replicated by
Multiplexing
Mitochondrial DNA is inherted by the
mother
The national DNA database in the US has standardized on __ STRs for entry into the database
13
____________________ is the method used to support a likely sequence of events at a crime scene by the observation and evaluation of physical evidence and statements made by indivduals involved with the incident
Crime-Scene Reconstruction
Reconstructing the crime scene is a team effort that include the help of ______________, ____________, and _________________.
Law enforcement personals
Medical examiners
Criminalist
Violent contact between individuals at a C.S. frequently produces bleeding and results in the formationof ___________
bloodstain patterns
The proper interpretation of bloodstain patterns necessitates carefully planned _____________ using surface materials comparable to those found at the crime scene
Controled experiment
Bloodstain patterns may convey the analyst the location and movement of ___ or ____ during the commission of a crime
Victims , suspects
Generally, bloodstain diameter (increases, decreases) with height
increases
The ______________________ and the _______________ of blood striking an object may be discerned by the stain's shape
direction of travel , angle of impact
The angle of impact of an ind bloodstain can be stimated using the ratio of _________ divided by _______ of the bloodstain
width, length
_______________ most common type of blood spatter
impact spatter
The point on a 2D plnae from which the drops originated
area of convergence
A bloodstain pattern in a 3D space illustrates the posistion of the victim or suspect when the stain-producing event took place
area of orgin
The ____method is used at the crime to determine the area of orgin
string
Pattern created by contact between a bloody object and a surface
Transfer
pattern commonly originated from repreated strikes, arc pattern