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superior
above; toward the cranium (head)
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inferior
below, toward the soles of the feet
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Anterior (ventral)
toward the front of the body
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posterior (dorsal)
near the back of the body
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medial
towards the middle of the body
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lateral
pertaining to the side, away from the middle of the body
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proximal
near the point of attachment to the trunk
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distal
farther from the point of attachment to the trunk
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supine
lying on back, face up
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prone
lying on stomach, face down
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frontal plane
separates the body into front and back positions (anterior and posterior portions)
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sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right sides
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transverse plane
separates the body into upper and lower portions
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epidermis
outer layer of skin
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dermis (corium)
inner (2nd) layer of skin
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subcutaneous
layer beneath the skin
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Edema
excessive fluid in intracellular tissue; swelling
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diaphoresis
sweating/ perspiration
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ulcer
open sore or lesion of the skin
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biospy
surgical removal of a small piece of skin or tissue for the purposes of diagnoses
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debridement
removal of damaged skin (or dead tissue)
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ossification
bone formation
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osteocytes
mature bone cells
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abduction
move away from midline of the body
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adduction
move towards midline of the body
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circumduction
move in circular direction
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dorsiflexion
pointing toes downward
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extension
straight position
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pronation
turn hand/ foot downward or backward
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supination
turn/ foot upward
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rotation
move around a central axis
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orthepedic
medical specialty of muscular-skeletal system
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arthroscopy
visual examination of joint
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reduction
setting a fraction or broken bone
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traction
using weights and pulleys to maintain alignment
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atonia
flaccid; lack of muscle tone
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hemiparesis
slight paralysis of one side of the body
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hemiplegia
total paralysis of one side of the body
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myoma
benign neoplasm (tumor) of muscle tissue
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myoparesis
weakness / partial paralysis of muscle
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myositis
inflammation of muscle
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paraplegia
paralysis of both legs & lower part of the body
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quadriplegia
paralysis of all 4 extremities
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tendonitis
inflammation of tendon
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ataxia
lack of muscular coordination
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delirium
impaired consciousness
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dysphasia
impaired speech
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hemiparesis
slight paralysis of one side of the body
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hemiplegia
total paralysis of one side of the body
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paralysis
loss of one or more muscle functions
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paraplegia
paralysis of both legs & lower part of the body
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psychomotor
relationship between activity and muscular movement (not necessarily a disorder)
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quadriplegia
paralysis of all 4 extremities
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amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
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endocrinology
medical practice of the endocrine system
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endocrinologist
medical practitioner who specializes in endocrinology
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adenectomy
excision (removal) of a gland
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adenotomy
incision (cutting) of a gland
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endocrine
gland that delivers secretions into the body
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hormone
chemical messenger that is secreted by an endocrine gland directly into the bloodstream
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hypoglycemic
low levels of sugar in the blood
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hyperglycemic
elevated levels of sugar in the blood
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heart rate
the number of contractions per minute
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arteries
carry oxygenation blood away from the heart
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veins
return blood to the heart
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capillaries
blood vessels that connect the arterial and venous system
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vasodilation
lumen is more open or widening of blood vessel
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vasoconstriction
lumen is more narrowed or narrowing of blood vessel
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sphygmomanometer
instrument to measure blood pressure
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erythrocytes
red blood cells
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leukocytes
white blood cells
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anemia
abnormally low red blood cell count
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arrhythmia
abnormal rhythm; irregular heart beat
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arteriosclerosis
hardening of arteries
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bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
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cardiac arrest
cessation of heart activity
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cardiologist
heart specialist
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cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
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carditis
inflammation of the heart
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hemoglobin
protein that gives blood its red color
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hematologist
blood specialist
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hematology
medical specialty dealing with blood
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hemolysis
change or destruction of red blood cells
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pulse
rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery
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tachycardia
abnormally rapid heartbeat
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thrombus
blood clot attached to a vein or artery
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vasoconstriction
narrowing of the arteries
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vasodilation
widening of the arteries
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immunity
not being susceptible to a specific disease
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anaphylaxis
life threatening reaction to a foreign substance
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antibody
molecule generated in opposition to an antigen
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antigen
substance that induces sensitivity or an immune response in the form of antibodies
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autoimmunity
immune to oneself
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hemolysis
change or destruction of red blood cells
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immunodeficiency
impairment of the immune system
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inflammation
redness and irritation caused by injury or abnormal stimulation; swelling
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pathogen
substance that produces disease
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reaction
action of an antibody on a specific antigen or an abnormal unwanted reaction
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allergist
medical practitioner who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of allergies
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hematologist
medical practitioner who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders
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immunologist
medical practitioner who specializes in the immune system
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immunology
medical specialty dealing with the immune system
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oncologist
medical practitioner who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors
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apex
upper tip of each lung
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apnea
absence of breathing
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bradypnea
abnormal slowness of breathing
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bronchoconstriction
narrowed bronchi
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bronchodilation
more opened bronchi
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diaphragm
muscle of respiration located at the base of the thoracic cavity
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dyspnea
difficulty breathing
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hemoptysis
blood - tinged sputum
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mucus
clear secretions produced in the respiratory tract
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orthopnea
difficulty in breathing while lying flat, relieved by sitting up
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otolaryngologist
physician that specializes in diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, and throat disease
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otolaryngology
medical study pertaining to ear, nose, and throat
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tachypnea
rapid breathing
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colostomy
surgical establishment of an opening into the colon
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constipation
decrease in the frequency of bowel movements, difficulty in passing stool
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dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
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emetic
drugs that stimulate or induce vomiting
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gastrointestinal tract
alimentary canal
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gastroenterologist
specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system disorder
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hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
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jaundice
yellowish cast to skin
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peristalsis
wave-like muscular contractions that move food along in the digestive tract
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proctologist
specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of rectal and anal disorders
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stoma
an artificial opening
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stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
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urologist
medical specialist who diagnosis and treats disorders of the urinary system
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urology
medical specialty dealing with the urinary system
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nephrologists
medical specialist who diagnoses and treats disorders of the kidneys
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nephrology
medical specialty dealing with the kidneys
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anuria
absence of urine formation
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catheter
flexible tube that enables passage of fluid from or into a body cavity
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cystitis
inflammation of bladder
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dysuria
difficult or painful urination
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incontinence
inability to control urine
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nocturia
excessive urination at night
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oliguria
diminshed urine production
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polyuria
excessive urine production
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retention
the inability to empty the bladder
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urinalysis
analysis of urine
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urinary tract infection
microbial infection of any part of the urinary tract
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obstetrician
specialist who provides medical care to pregnant women and delivers babies
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gynecologist
diagnose and treat disorders of the female reproductive system
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urologist
diagnose and treat disorders of the urinary and male reproductive system
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neonatologists
specialize in newborns
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pediatrician
specialize in children
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amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
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cystocele
protrusion of the bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina
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dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
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lactation
milk production in breast
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mastitis
inflammation of breasts
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menses
end of one uterine cycle and the beginning of another
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pregnancy
period of time when the fetus grows inside of the uterus
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prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate
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rectocele
protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina
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sexually transmitted disease
diseases that are transmitted through sexual intercourse or sexual contact
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ophthalmology
study of the eye
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ophthalmologist
physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the eye
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optometrist
health care profession who examines and prescribes corrective lenses for the eye
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optician
technician who fills and dispenses eye glass pescriptions
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otologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear disorders
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otolaryngology
study of the ear, nose, and throat
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otolaryngologist
physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, and throat disorders
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audiologist
health care professional who measures hearing and treats hearing impairments
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canthus
angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet
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conjuctiva
mucous membrane covering the anterior of the eyeball and inner eyelid
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ocular
adjective referring to the eye
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