hist pers

lorenz

a period in the life span of an individual (in birds a short perid just after hatching) where learning or imprinting is greatly facilitated.

lorenz

form of learning in which individuals exposed to certain key stimuli, usually during an early stage of development, form an association with the object and may later show sexual behavior toward similar objects

Tinbergen

the component of an action or object that triggers a fixed response in an animal. For example, a herring gull chick's begging response

freud

• unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and maintain self image
• displacement

condensation

projection

rationalization

reaction formation

repression

sublimation

psychological basis for mental disorders

comprehensive theory of personality

development of psychotherapy

role of the unconscious mind

concepts of ego, id and superego

theory of personality dynamics

psychosexual theory of development

ego defense mechanisms

freud

getting stuck in one stage of development. for example, getting stuck in the anal stage, and never letting things go.

freud

expression of the unconscious in everyday life caused by psychological tension.

slips of the tongue

forgetfulness

interpretation of jokes and humor

freud

an outlet of the libido, it is a compromise between desire and self-censorship

freud

doing the opposite of what you are inwardly compelled to do because it is too anxiety provoking. For example a homosexual becoming a homophobe

freud

giving a logical explanation but it is not the right explanation, hiding the right reason. For example, the dog ate my homeowrk

frued

tendency to attribute some internal conflict onto something else

frued

take a goal that is anxiety provoking and replace it with something that is not as provoking

the tendency to attribute human characteristics to animals that aren't justified. For example, thinking a dog wants to go on a walk, you don't know that he wants to. also Clever Hans math talents

weber

the unit of measure of the differential threshold

johannsen

interaction of genotype and the enviornment (the finished product)

frontal lobe of the left hemisphere

hemispheric lateralization of function

language center

Broca

loss of the ability to speak

Weber

the minimum change or difference between two stimuli that can be reliably detected

Fechner

the just noticable difference for detecting a change in intensity is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus.

described a different pattern of language breakdown with injury to the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere, which he described as sensory aphasis

• -emphais on variation and individual differences
• -focus on the adaptive value of behavior and mental processes (functionalism)
• -spawned the new fields of ethology and comparative psychology
• -blind trial and error

Weber

minimum amount of physical stimulus that reliably evokes a sensation

lashley

the capacity of an intact part of the brain to take over the memory functions of a damaged portion

johannsen

variation of hereditary origin

when several responses are made to the same situation, those which are accompanied with rewards are more likely to be repeated, while those accompanied by punishment are more likely to be avoided

pavlov

after some time, the response may reappear after extinction, and the conditioned stimulus will again elicit the conditioned response.

pavlov

if the conditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response will eventually dissapear

pavlov

at first, animals respond indisciminatly to a range of stimuli. By selective reinforcement, pavlov trained his animals to make a conditioned response to the reinforced stimulus, but not to other stimuli

pavlov

conditioned responses often occur to stimuli that are similar to (but not identical to) the original conditioned stimulus

pavlov

a neutral stimulus leads to a response as a result of being paired with another stimulus that already produces the response

Darwin

an evolutionary approach to the study of animal behavior

naturalistic observation

feild experiments

role of natural selection and adaptation

tolman

a type of mental processing composed of a series of psychological transformations by which an individual can aquire, code, store, recall and decode information about the relative location and attributes of phenomena in their everyday enviornment.

awareness of all possible outcomes

charcot

a neurosis characterized by hypnotic suggestibility, also a weakness of the CNS

hypnotic suggestablility is a symptom of a mental disorder- a neurosis called hysteria

helmholtz

human color vision involces three colors, red, blue and green. The color receptors are the cones in the retina. An elaboration of Mullers law of specific nerve energies, suggesting that individual nerves transmit sensory images not only of a specific kind but also of a specific quality.

theory and methods of psychophysics

double aspect monism

mapping the functional relationship between physical and mental worlds

quantitative measurement of mental processes

complementary colors

webers law

showed that electrical stimulation of regions of the cortex in dogs produced specific responses of individual muscle groups (motor strip)

gall

surface of the skull mirrors the exaggeration of functional areas in the cortex. Bumps on the skull are associated with faculties that are prominent in individuals

dark forms of the peppered moths were more prevalent in cities during the industrial revolution. More effective camoflauge for the dark moths provided by soot covered tree limbs and buildings

human populations can grow exponentially, they outgrow their means of subsistence. Population increases must be kept in check by war, famine or disease. Although there is the potential for growth, actual population growth is fairly constant

theory of evolution by acquired characteristics. ex. a giraffs neck. The all important role of enviornment

peirce

induction- combines facts to arrive at theoretical conclusions

deducation- uses theory to generate testable predictions

abduction- the process of hypothesis generation, viewed this as the creative aspect of science

Peirce

icon-resembles its referent ex falling rocks sign

index- linked by association ex lightning and thunder

symbol- arbitrary link ex most words

freud

his standard measure of treatment. He believed it led reliably to pathogenic ideas and attuned him to several subtle but important phenomena that had been masked by his previous reliance on hypnosis

freuds new field that used the cathartic method on his patients

breur

a patient would be hypnotized and then would be asked to try to recall the first time they had experienced a physical sensation like one of her symptoms. Upon remembering she would be able to vent this previously suppressed emotion. Following this "catharsis" the symptom would disappear.

freud

every dream originates with a series of latent thoughts or ideas, which the sleeping mind transforms into manifest content by three processes referred to collectively as dream work. Displacement, condensation and concrete representation

tolman

is a form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement to be applied later.

a way to avoid anthropomorphism. We should never ascribe human characteristics if you can explain it in simpler terms

freud

manifest content: doesn't make sense to the dreamer

latent: seemed to have the greatest personal signigicance for the dreamer. Patients often resisted uncovering this latent content.

freud

patients tended to transfer onto him, as their therapist, motives and attributes of the important people from their past lives that were implicated in their neurotic symptoms

puysegur

subjects in a trance were told they will perform a certain act after awakening but will forget that they have been instructed to do so, like scratch their ears when the hypnotist coughs.

fechner

the scientific study of the relationship between stimulus and sensation

thorndike then skinner

the use of consequences to modify the occurance and form of a behavior

freud

most human behavior is the result of desires, impulses, and memories that have been repressed into an unconscious state yet they still influence actions

• Darwin
• genetic changes that take place in a popultaion. Resulting in speciation such as the finches on the Galapagos islands

bf skinner

operant conditioning chamber used in experimental analysis to study animal behavior

tolman

a hypothetical internal state that is used to explain relationships between observed variables, such as independent variables and dependent variables in empirical research

fechner

pairs of colors that are of opposite hue in a color model. In color theory, two colors are called complementary if when mixed in the proper proportion, they produce a neutral color

skinner

the removal of an aversive stimulus results in the desired behavior

skinner

continuous- the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. Best used in initial stages of learning

partial- the response is reinforced only part of the time. Learned behaviors are acquired more slowly, but the response is more resistant to extinction

• -fixed ratio
• -variable ratio
• -fixed interval
• -variable interval

piaget

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched. Infants develop this through touching and handling objects

galton

the phenomena that a variable that is extreme on its first measurement will tend to be closer to the center of the distribution on a later measurement.

Muller

the nature of perceptions is defined by the pathway over which the sensory information is carried. Ex. pressing on the eye and producing flashes of light

von Frisch

a figure 8 dance of the honeybee, used to share information with their hive mates about direction and distance to flowers, water or new housing locations

sensory nerves recieve sensory stimuli such as how something feels and if it is painful

motor nerves- neurons located in the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles

identifies one or more specific observable conditions or events and then tells the researcher how to measure that event.

behaviorist

instinct as a set of reflexes activated by heredity

focus on biological and psychological similarities among animal species

conditioned responses

conditioned fear: little Albert

operant conditioning

reinforcement learning

skinner box

behaviorist

radical enviornmentalist

latent learning

cognitive map

cognitive movement

placebo effect

gravity and magnetism

animal magnetism

homeostasis

the "magnetic Baquet"

Descartes: the mind could not be localized in the brain because its structures were paired, how could consciousness occupy 2 places at once?

Florens-ablation studies on birds-launched debate

wernike and broca-lateralization of function

simple reaction time to visual stimulus

subtractive method

choice reaction time

absolute threshold

differential threshold

jnd

two-point threshold

pragmatism: philisophical theory of truth and meaning

theory of signs

modes of reasoning in science

the purpose of consciousness is to help people adapt to their enviornments

consciousness is:

personal

continious and indivisible

constantly changing

selective

functional

instinct and habit

james/lange theory of emotion

personal identity and the self

ideo-motor theory of behavior

we see a bear; this triggers a physiological response, which leads us to experience fear. Emotion is caused by bodily events, not the other way around.

an emotion is actually the consequence rather than the cause of the bodily changes associated with its expression. He developed this to overcome depression during his youthful crisis.

the mind as an epiphenomenon

relexes in the brain

inhibition and excitation

• Developed classical conditioning
• conditioned reflex
• two part theory of language

chomsky: believed language is based on a system of rules and is a biological, species-specific trait.

chomsky's criticism of skinner: limits only to obervables, in something as complex as language you would expect internal functions to be important.

skinner: book-verbal behavior: some occurance triggers a response, only observableevents. All you need is an analysis of behavior.

established world first lab for experimental psychology

voluntarism

dual approach: introspection and experiment

perception/apperception

tridemensional theory of feeling

creative synthesis

sensory acuity, head size, reaction time

nature vs nurture

biological determinism

criticized galtons view of inherited intelligence

emphasized individual differences in intelligence, attention,motivation and background

mental age vs chronological age

binet-simon tests of intelligence

stern

proposed as a method to measure childrens intelligence

Sign stimulus

releaser ex a yawn

stage theory of development

an active contruction of knowledge

genetic epistomologist

intellectual development not gradual, but abrupt

sensory motor stage: 0-2, basic sensory and motor activities, object permanance to move on

preoperational stage: 2-7, not yet able to master math operations, conservation of quantituy (glasses) to move on

concrete operations stage: 7-11, less egocentric, mastery of abstract problems to move on

formal operations stage: 12-adult, able to master abstract and symbolic reasoning, metacognition, hypotherico-deductive reasoning

chomsky

phonetics- articulation and perception of speech sounds

phonology: patterning of sounds in a language

morphology: principles of word formation

syntax: arrangement of morphemes in sentences

semantics: study of meaning

pragmatics: language use in social context

language as a system of rules

cartesian linguistics

nativism: language as a biological, species-specific trait

universal grammer

surface and deep structure

• -variability in traits
• -inherited
• -selection of desired characteristics
• -modification of structure or behavior over generations

unlike artificial selection, natural selection is not guided or purposeful, but instead is a "self generated outcome of interactions between organisms and their enviornment"

he believed the power of the brain was related to head size and the speed that they can respond to things. It was wrong because intelligence involves higher mental processes such as thinking, reasoning and logic.

• -dogs have an innate tendency to salivate at the sight of food. Food is the unconditioned stimulus, salivation the unconditioned response
• -next, the unconditioned stimulus (food) is presented with a conditioned stimulus that does not elicit the response ex.c the sound of a metronome
• -after repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimuluswill begin to elicit the same response (unconditioned response), now called the conditioned response

operant learning-the use of consequences to modify the occurance and form of a behavior

pavlonian conditioning-a neutral stimuls leads to a response as a result of being paired with another stimuls that already produces the response

sechenov

excitation-an increase in neural activity following stimulation

inhibition-a process by which a neural activation is reduced following stimulation