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Do spirurids have intermediate hosts?
yes
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What is the intermediate for spirurids?
arthropod
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What is the life cycle for spirurids?
- IH ingests L1 from DH
- develops to L3 within the IH
- L3 is transmitted to DH
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What is Onchocerca cervicalis?
- nuchal ligament worm
- neck threadworm
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How big do adult Onchocerca cervicalis get?
30 cm long
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Who is the definitive host of Onchocerca cervicalis?
horses
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Who is the intermediate host for Onchocerca cervicalis?
midges
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What are midges?
biting bugs that you can't see
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What is the life cycle of Onchocerca cervicalis?
- microfilarae (L1) are ingested by midges as they feed
- development to L3 takes 20 - 25 deays in midge
- infection with L3 occurs during feeding by the midge
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What is the infection site for Onchocerca cervicalis?
- Adults: nuchal ligament (holds head up)
- Microfilariae: conjunctiva, lens, dermis, and other connective tissues
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How do you diagnose Onchocerca cervicalis?
- skin biopsy
- clinical signs
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What is Habronema?
stomach worm of horses
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What is the definitive host for Habronema?
horse
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What is the intermediate host for Habronema?
houseflies and stable flies
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What is the infection site for Habronema?
- Adults: stomach mucosa
- Larvae: skin (cutaneous granulomas, nictitating membrane)
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What is the life cycle of Habronema?
- larvae or eggs are passed in feces and ingested by maggots of house or stable flies
- L1 develop to L3 in one week within maggot, as maggots turn into flies.
- L3 move out of the fly via the proboscis as the fly feeds on to the horse's lips, nostrils, or wounds
- Larvae mature in the stomach
- L3 must be ingested and reach the stomach to mature; otherwise, only cutaneous infection occurs
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What is the pathogenesis of Habronema?
- gastritis
- cutaneous habronemiasis (summer sores, swamp cancer) - larvae cause large, granulomoas that are extremely prurtic
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How are Habronema diagnosed?
- eggs or L1 rarely found in fecal exam
- Cutaneous infection (history, appearance, biopsy)
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What is Draschia?
- similar to Habronema
- Ivermectin
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What is Thelazia species?
eyeworms (dogs, cats, horses, human)
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What is Thelazia lacrymalis?
- eyeworms of horses
- transmitted by face fly
- larva migrates to the eye (3 months until adult)
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What is the pathology of Thelazia?
- infections are asymptomatic
- often see opacity, hyphema, parasite
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What is Spriocerca lupi?
esophageal worm of dogs
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What is the intermediate host of Spriocerca lupi?
dung beetles
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What are paratenic host of Spirocerca lupi?
chickens, reptiles, rodents
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What is the life cycle of Spirocerca lupi?
- eggs in feces
- ingested by beetle
- develops to L3
- dog ingesets beetle or paratenic host
- migrates thru stomach wall then to the aorta then to the esophagus
- adults lay eggs and are passed in feces
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What is the pathogenesis for Spirocerca lupi?
- most dogs have no clinical signs
- larvae may migrate into wall of aorta then cause aneurysm
- adults in wall of esophagus then cause sarcoma
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What is hypertrophic osteopathy?
- diffuse periosteal proliferative condition of long bones in dogs
- secondary to neoplastic or infectious masses in the thoracic or abdominal cavity
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What are the clincial signs of hypertrophic osteopathy?
lameness, long bone pain, and signs of secondary to body cavity mass
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How is hypertrophic osteopathy diagnosed?
rads
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How is Spirocerca lupi diagnosed?
- small eggs
- rads
- barium
- endoscopy
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How are Spirocerca lupi treated?
macrolides
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What is physaloptera?
stomach worm of dogs and cats
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What is the intermediate host of Physaloptera?
beetle or roach
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What are the clinical signs of physaloptera?
- gastritis
- gastric bleeding
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How do you diagnose physaloptera?
- embryonated ova
- heavy egg on float (zinc oxide)
- centrifugal sedimentation
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