Med-Term Ch. 13

adren/o

gonad/o

pancreat/o

pineal/o

pituit/o pituitar/o

thym/o

thyr/o, thyroid/o

Hormones are...

the 13 major glands of the endocrine system are...

any one of a large number of hormone like substances secreted by the endocrine glands or artificially produced to relieve swelling and inflammation

these are chemically related to the male sex hormone testosterone and are used illegal by athletes. side effects may include liver damage, altered body chemistry, testicular shrinkage, and breast development in males, plus unpredictable mood swings and violence.

hormone secreted by adipocytes

hormones that are secreted by specialized cells of the brain.

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

any disease caused by a disorder of the endocrine system

a condition due to excessive secretion of any gland.

a condition caused by deficient secretion of any gland

the pituitary hangs from the...

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

stimulates the growth of ova in females and the production of sperm in males

also known as somatotropic hormone, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues.

stimulates ovulation in the female. stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the male.

also known as prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk.

stimulates ovulation and the secretion of progesterone in the female. in the male stimulates the secretion of testosterone.

increases production of melanin thereby darkening the skin

stimulates the growth and secretions of the thyroid gland

maintains the water balance within the body by promoting the reabsorption of water through the kidneys.

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and stimulates the flow of milk after childbirth. pitocin is a synthetic form

abnormal enlargement of the extremities caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

abnormal overgrowth of the whole body caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty. Also known as giantism

the pathology resulting in the excessive by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

condition of reduced secretion due to the partial or complete loss of function of the anterior pituitary gland

any disorder of pituitary function

also known as a pituitary tumor is a slow growing, benign tumor of the pituitary gland. there are two types of these tumors, functioning and nonfunctioning. explain each.

a benign tumor of the pituitary gland that causes it to produce too much prolactin.
in females this causes infertility and changes in menstruation.
in males this causes impotence.

This condition has two names.

caused by a insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone of the inability of the kidneys to respond to this hormone.
may cause polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyuria (excessive urination)

also known as recombinant GH, is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development.

small endocrine gland located in the centeral portion of the brain.

secreted by the pineal gland _________ influences sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle.

a tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

surgical removal of the pineal gland

the butterfly shaped _________ lies on either side of the larynx

one of the primary functions of the thyroid gland is to regulate the body's ________. however, thyroid secretions also influence _______ and the functioning of the _________ system.

The two primary thyroid hormones are ________ and __________. These hormones affect the rate of metabolism.

__________ which is secreted by the thyroid gland, works with the parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues. This hormone decreases blood levels by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth.

also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, this condition is an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland.

Also known as underactive thyroid, this is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion.
Symptoms include fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, and decreased metabolic rate.

________ is a congenital form of hypthyroidism. If left untreated it causes arrested physical and mental development

Also known as adult hypothyroidism, caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion.
Symptoms include swelling around the eyes and cheeks, fatigue and subnormal temperature.

Also known as thyrotoxicosis, is an imbalance of metabolism caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones.
Symptoms include, increased metabloic rate, sweating nervousness, and weight loss.

Also known as thyrotoxic crisis, this condition is a relativley rare, life-threatening condition cause by exaggerated hyperthyroidism.
Patients experiencing this condition may complain of fever, chest pain, palpitations, shortness of breath, tremors, increased sweating, disorientation, and fatigue.

_______ ______ which is an autoimmune disorder is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos.

Also known as thyromegaly is and abnormal, nonmalignant enlargment of the thyroid. this enlargement produces a swelling in the front of the neck. This usually occurs when the thyroid gland cannot produce enough thyroid hormone to meet the body's needs.

___________ is an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit.

the diagnostic test to measure the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone in the blood. This test is used to detect abnormal thyroid activity due to excessive pituitary stimulation.

measures thyroid function and is a form of nuclear medicine

a medication used to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

also known as radioactive iodine therapy, is the administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells. This procedure which disables part of the thyroid gland is used to treat chronic hyperthyroid disorders such as graves' disease.

surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland. this term is also used to describe the removal of a lobe of the liver, brain, or lung.

________ are administered to replace lost thyroid function

the primary function of the parathyroid glands is to regulate _________ levels throughout the body.

_________ hormone works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues.

Over production of parathyroid hormone which may lead to hypercalcemia.

abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood, instead of being stored in the bones.

Abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

A complication of hyperparathyroidism in which bone becomes softened and deformed, and may develop cysts. May be caused by overproduction of parathyroid hormone or by thyroid cancer.

caused by an insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone. This condition causes hypocalcemia and in severe cases leads to tetany.

the condition of periodic, painful muscle spasms and tremors.

The thymus secretes a hormone that functions as part of the _________ system.

Stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into T cles of the immune system.

an inflammation of the thymus gland.

Surgical removal of the thymus gland

The parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions.

also known as blood sugar, is the basic form of energy used in the body.

The form in which the liver stores excess glucose

The hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to LOW blood sugar levels.

The hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to HIGH blood sugar levels.

A benign tumor of the pancreas that causes hypoglycemia by secreting additional insulin.

Pain in the pancreas.

Inflammation of the pancreas, usually caused by long term alcohol abuse.

Surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

Abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.

Excessive thirst

Excessive hunger

Excessive urination.

The condition of excessive secretion of insulin into the bloodstream.

Abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

An autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islets beta cells.

an insulin resistance disorder.

_________ _____________ lower blood sugar by causing the body to release more insulin. (medication)

(metformin hydrochloride) and similar medications works with the cells to combat insulin resistance and to help insulin let blood sugar into the cells.

a form a diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies.

measures the glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8-12 hours.

performed to confirm a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and to aid in diagnosing hypoglycemia.

This test which requires a drop of blood and is performed by the patient, measures the current blood sugar level.

Measures average glucose levels over the past 3 weeks, and is able to detect changes more rapidly than HbA1c testing.

A blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months.

Caused by very low blood sugar. Oral glucose is administered to rapidly raise the blood sugar levels when this occurs.

Caused by very high blood sugar. Also known as diabetic ketoacidosis, this condition is treated by the prompt administration of insulin.

Low BP, labored respiration, dry tongue, and dry skin may be symptoms of....

Shallow or rapid respiration, excessive perspiration, lack of coordination, and dizziness may be symptoms of...