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What age should you test children's age?
3
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What is considered legal blindness?
20/200
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What does 20/40 vision mean?
Child can see at 20 ft. what a normal child can see at 40 ft.
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What age should a child's vision be pretty close to normal?
age 5
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How many should the child get right before the line is able to be counted as correct?
1/2 or more
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When do babies start produce tears?
3-6 months
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Color blindness?
Affects 8-10% more males (more common in males)
-red, green, blue yellow most common
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How is a blocked lacrimal duct treated?
with a lacrimal massage 3-4 times daily
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When is a blocked lacrimal duct usually outgrown?
around 1 yr. of age
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What is Strabismus?
How long is it considered normal?
Cross-eyed
3 months of age
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what is Amblyopia?
Why does it need to be treated quickly?
Lazy Eye
Early detection is imperative because the child may develop blindness if not found
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Treatment for ambylopia?
Patch the good eye
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what is the medical term for pink eye?
Conjuctivitis
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How long are you contagious after you start antibiotic treatment for conjunctivitis?
24 hrs.
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What is the most comon cause of conjuctivitis?
What type of discharge?
How is it treated?
- Bacterial
- Thick purulent discharge
- Treated with antibiotic drops
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How do you treat viral conjuctivitis?
Periodic warm most compresses (eye will have serous drainage)
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How do you treat allergic conjuctivitis?
Avoid Allergens
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Teaching for conjuctivits?
- Wipe inner to outer canthus
- Clean each eye with a seperate cotton ball
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S/S of a corneal abrasion?
excessive tearing, pain decreased vision, and light sensitive
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Treatment for corneal abrasion?
- Antibiotic ointment
- (patch if large abrasion)
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How is corneal abrasion diagnosed?
With floresceint dye and a Wood's Lamp
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Cooing, happy sounds should begin when in a baby?
4-6 months
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when should a baby's first word be?
10-12 months of age
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When should a child's first sentence be?
18 months
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What age should a child have a 50 word vocabulary?
age 2
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What type of disorder is it when a child can not comprehend?
Receptive Disorder
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What type of disorder is it when a child can not express themselves?
Expressive Disorder
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Which type of hearing loss?
Outer/middle ear damage inflammation
Conductive
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Which type of hearing loss?
Reversible Obstruction
Conductive
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Which type of hearing loss?
Ear wax
Conductive
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Which type of hearing loss?
Inner ear &/or auditory nerve dysfunction
Sensorineural
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Which type of hearing loss?
Usually permanent that may be treated with a cochlear implant
Sensorineural
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Which type of hearing loss?
Prematurity,meningitis, ototoxic meds
Sensorineural
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Which type of hearing loss?
Combination of Conductive and Sensorineural
Mixed
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Which type of hearing loss?
Trauma or brain tumor
Central
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Which type of hearing loss?
Damage to conduction between auditory nervous system and cerebral cortex
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Explain the TEN-4 Bruising Rule:
Should be absolutely no bruising on child younger than 4 months
Should not be any bruising on a child less than 4 years on the Thorax, Ears, or Neck
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Physical indcators of Emotional Abuse?
Hunger, poor hygeine, unsuitable clothing
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Behavioral indicators of Emotional Abuse?
- comforting habits
- behavior disorders
- neurotic traits
- may attempt suicide
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Physical symptoms of Sexual Abuse?
- Difficulty walking/sitting
- torn, stained, bloody undergarments
- genital pain/swelling/itching
- UTI
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Behavioral indicators of Sexual Abuse?
- unusual sexual knowledge
- withdrawal
- eating disturbances
- promiscuity
- self-injury
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Diagnosing ADHD?
Signs must be present > 6 months at 2 or more settings, and impair one level of functioning, & must exhibit 6 or more hallmark behaviors
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What is the most common trigger for an adult to shake a baby?
Crying/colicky
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If a baby presents with failure to thrive, seizures, apnea, respiratory problems, coma, vomiting with drowsiness, or lethargy what should be suspected?
Shaken-Baby Syndrome
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What is Munchausen by Proxy?
When the caregiver falsifies or causes illness to the child and denies knwoledge of cause (primarily to get attention)
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What is the most common bacterial skin infection in childhood?
Impetigo
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What is Imptegio caused by?
How does it get into skin?
Staph or Strep
Gets in thru skin by cut, scratch, insect bite
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S/S of Impetigo?
Lesion with Honey Colored fluid/pus that dries crusty
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Treatment for Impetigo?
- Treat with antiobiotic ointment (caregiver wear gloves)
- Soak crusts in warm soapy wash cloth
It's very contagious, so use seperate towels, do not touch wound then someone else, do not drink after the child
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When is Impetigo no longer contagious after administering treatment?
24 hrs
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What is Candidiasis?
Yeast Infection
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Treatment for Oral Candidiasis?
- Nyastatin Swish & Swallow
- (pt. should eat and drink before)
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Treatment of Candiasis in the diaper area?
Lotromin cream - *use a little bit and rub it in very well*
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What should breast feeding moms be aware of?
Candidiasis (yeast infection) may live on their nipples so they should make sure to clean those suckers
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Where do type 1 Hepes appear?
Face & Lips
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Where do type 2 Herpes appear?
Genitals
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If a child has genital herpes what should you suspect?
Child abuse
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What precautions are placed on someone with herpes?
Contact
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What are some important interventions to prevent the spread of Herpes?
Careful Handwashing
Wash toys, untensils, bottles, etc. thouroughly!
Do not engage in sexual activity while you have a lesion
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What should you do to prevent the spread of warts?
Wear flipflops in public showers, do not share towels
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Common treatment of warts?
- Salicylic Acid
- Cryotherapy (freezing the wart)
- Duct Tape
- Surgical Removal
*May disappear w/o treatment over a period of several months*
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How is lice transmitted?
By direct contact with another individual - live CAN'T jump from one person to another
(Should not share towels, combs, etc.)
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what is Pediculosis Capitus?
Head Lice
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Where is head lice found in humans primarily, and how far from the scalp?
Behind the ears and nape of neck, about 1/4-1/2 inch from scalp
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Treatment for head lice?
OTC products safe & effective
Remove nits with a fine tooth comb, if not dead they can hatch and cause reinfestation
Wash clothing & bedding
Vaccum Carpets
Treat ALL infected family members
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Lesions that are linear, papules, vesicles and nodules best describes what?
Scabies
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Where are scabies usually seen on people?
Fingers (in webbing), wrists, axillae, groin & buttocks
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When is the itching most intense with scabies?
At night
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How long can scabies survive without human skin to feed off of?
3 days
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Patient teaching for Lindane to treat Scabies?
***Should not be used in children younger than 2 and pregnant women bcause it is neurotoxic***
Must stay on 8-14 hours, apply at bedtime and wash off
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Whats the hallmark sign of atopic dermatitis?
Dry Skin
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What is another name for Atopic Dermatitis?
Eczema
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What should you recommend to a patient with eczema about bathing?
- Bathe frequently in dry climate
- Bathe infrequently in humid climate
Follow baths wih moisturizer when skin is still damp
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What is a chronic skin condition, where you have nonpuritic, oily, yellow scales that block sweat?
Seborrheic Dermatitis
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Patient teaching about treating Seborrheic Dermatitis?
Do NOT use lotions and creams bcause they will aggravate the skin***
Use mild soap or otc antiseborrheic
Use soft bristled brush to loosen scales
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Skin inflammation caused by diaper, soap, loiton, nickel, rubber etc?
Contact Dermatitis
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Where does Seborrheic Dermatitis occur?
- Scalp, Diaper area, eyelids
- (usually occurs age 2 wks - 1 yr)
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Should HIV positive moms breast feed?
NO!
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What is HIV?
it destroys white blood cell (T cells or CD4 cells) that the immune system must have to fight the disease
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What is AIDS?
final stage of HIV infection where the body's immune system is weakened so bad the person gets multiple infections
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What S/S should be reported of corticosteroid therapy?
- -Fever
- -S/S of infection
- -slow wound healing
- -sudden weight gain
- -growth delay
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What are the 8 side effects of corticosteroids?
- 1. Edema
- 2. GI irritation (take with food)
- 3. Bruising & delayed wound healing
- 4. Increased risk of infection
- 5. Growth Delay (taper off steroids to allow for gradual return of adrenal function - monitor wt. & ht.)
- 6. Increased appetite, weight gain
- 7. Amenorrhea
- 8. Joint pain & osteoporosis
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