Classification

Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

eukaryotes

Chitin, not cellulose (as in plants)

• -do not carry out physiological or biological processes outside of a host
• -nonliving but highly advanced
• -have lytic and lysogenic life cycles
• -contain either DNA or RNA
• -called bacteriophages if they exclusively infect bacteria

Cyanobacteria

• coccie- round
• bacilli- rods
• spirilla- spiral
• some are:
• dublexes-diplococci
• clusters- staphylococci
• chains- streptococci

• differentiation of tissues, organs, and organ systems
• alimentation
• locomotion
• bilateral symmetry
• nervous system
• chemical coordianting system

• platyhelminthes
• nematoda
• annelida

Vertebrates- have a backbone

• Fish- 2 chambered heart, gills, external fertilization
• Amphibia- adult has lungs, 3 chambered heart
• Reptiles- 3 chambered heart, internal fertilization, poikilothermic (cold blooded)
• Birds- 4 chambered heart, warm blooded
• Mammals- monetremes, marsupials, placental

• similar structure
• same origin

• similar structure
• different origin

• In humans, the appendix
• In humans, the tail
• Splints on the legs of horse
• legs reduced to useless bones on pythons

• use or disuse of the organ
• inheritance of acquired characteristics
• WRONG- only changes in the DNA of the sex cells can be inherited

• Chance variations occur thanks to mutation and recombination
• If the variation is "selected for" by the environment, that individual will be more "fit" and more likely to survive to reproductive age
• Survival of the fittest leads to an increase of those favorable genes in the gene pool.

• The decimal fraction representing the presence of an allele for all members of a population that have this particular gene locus.
• The letter p is used for the frequency of the dominant allele
• The letter q is used for the frequency of the recessive allele
• p + q = 1

• When the gene frequencies of a population are not changing, the gene pool is stable, and the population is not evolving. There is equalibrium between the genes in the gene pool.
• The following conditions must be met:
• 1. the population is very large
• 2. there are not mutations that affect the gene pool
• 3. mating between individuals in the population is random
• 4. There is no net migration of individuals into or out of the population
• 5. The genes in the population are all equally successful at reproducing.

• Natural selection
• Mutation
• Assortive Mating
• Genetic Drift (called the founder effect in small populations)
• Gene Flow

The evolution of new species but not with members of other species.

• A small local population.
• ex: all the beavers along a specific portion of a river form a deme.

The emergance of a number of lineages from a single ancestral species.

evalutionary history- like a branching tree

• Groups within the branches develop in similar ways when exposed to similar environments
• ex: fish and dolphins resemble each other physically even though they are from different classes of vertebrates.

Those coming from the same stem but who live in similar although geographically separate environments, develop similar adaptations.

Set out to demonstrate that the application of ultraviolet radiation, heat, or a combination of these to a mixture of methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water could result in the formation of complex organic compounds.

• autotrophic anaerobes- chemosynthetic bacteria
• autotrophic aerobes- green plants and photoplankton
• heterotrophic anaerobes- yeasts
• heterotrphic aerobes- amoebas, earthworms, and humans