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triplet code (2)
each sequence of the 3 bases equal an amino acid
-sequence is called a codon
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What is a plasmid?
small, circular, self replicating DNA molecules found in bacteria cells.
-it is used to clone genes :can be made to incorporate a foreign piece of DNA that will be copie multiple times.
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Recombinant DNA technology (3)
-takes DNA apart, analyze structure, and can combine it new ways.
-can alter human genes to correct genetic disease
-can cut and splice genes into bacteria, plants, and animals for our purpose
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Transgenic Organism
inserted DNA onto an individual for their benefit.
-It may help out a with dealing with pests.
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PCR
makes millions of copies of small fragment DNA
-used to analyze DNA from crime scenes
-cant be used to clone a functional gene
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Mutation
one changes in a genes nucleotide base sequence
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Point mutation
-critical to evolution
-causes the replacement with a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material
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frame shift mutation
additional/deletion of one or more bases
-it is not evenly divisble by 3 thus it adds or inserts bases. makes sequence get all messed up
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Mis-sense mutation
is a point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
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Non-sense mutation
is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon
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(Transcription steps) 1.
DNA unwinds when RNA polymerase opens the DNA molecule, starting on the TAC (start)
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(Transcription steps) 2.
RNA polymerase moves down 1 strand of double helix, adding RNA nucleotides that compliment the DNA
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(Transcription steps) 3.
this continues until RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon
Stop: ATT, ATC, or ACT in DNA
*many RNA polymerase can trasncribe a genes at the same time
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(Translation steps) 1. (3)
-mRNA moves to the ribosome
-mRNA codon attaches to the A-site of ribosome
-mRNA is sandwiched between the large and small subunits
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(Translation steps) 2.
corresponding tRNA attaches to ribosome at A-site
-start: AUG
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(Translation steps) 3.
mRNA/ tRNA shifts to the P-Site
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(Translation steps) 4.
There the next corresponding tRNA comes to the ribosome, attaches to A-site by its matching codon
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(Translation steps) 5.
peptide bond forms between the amino acids
-at this moment, amino acids on the tRNA at site P break free from the tRNA
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(Translation steps) 6
then the tRNA and mRNA shift from A-site to P-site once again. the tRNA on the P-site falls off and goes to another corresponding amino acid
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(Translation steps) 7
steps 4-6 repeat until a stop codon is reached
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- the four boxes : Adenine, Thymine,
- Guanine, Cytosine
sugars: deoxyribose
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population
group of individuals of one species that live in the same geogrpahic area at the same time
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species
group of organisms with similar structure, function, and behavior capable of interbreeding
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georges buffon
earth much older than previously thought
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Synthetic theory
-combines mendelian principles and natural selection
-combination of darwin theory and genetics
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adaptive radiation
diversification of an organism into many different species
-creates linages
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