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Posterior Superficial Muscles
- Brachioradialis
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
- Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
- Extensor Digitorum
- Extensor Digit Minimi
- Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
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Posterior Deep Muscles
- Supinator
- ABductor Pollicis Longus
- Extensor Pollicis Longus
- Extensor Pollicis Brevis
- Extensor Indicis
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Outcropping Muscles
- Go over other muscle tendons
- Abductor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis longus
- Extensor pollicis brevis
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Brachioradialis
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
- Distal Attachment: Lateral surface of radius proximal to styloid process
- Innervation: Radial n. (C5–C7)
- Main Actions: Relatively weak flexion of forearm; maximal when forearm is in mid-pronated position; brings forearm to mid-pronation
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
- Distal Attachment: Dorsal aspect of base of second metacarpal
- Innervation: Radial n. (C6–C7)
- Main Actions: Extend and radial deviates (ABducts) wrist; weak elbow flexor; active during fist clenching
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
- Distal Attachment: Dosral aspect of base of third metacarpal
- Innervation: Deep branch of radial n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extend and radial deviates (ABducts) wrist
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Extensor Digitorum (ED)
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
- Distal Attachment: Extensor expansions over medial four digits
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extends medial four digits primarily at MCP joints, secondarily at IP joints with help from lumbricals
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Extensor Digiti Minimi (EDM)
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus (common extensor tendon)
- Distal Attachment: Extensor expansion of 5th digit
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extends 5th digit primarily at MCP joint, secondarilyt at IP joints; assists extensor digitorum; weak elbow extension
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior border of ulna via shared aponeurosis
- Distal Attachment: Dorsal aspect of base of 5th metacarpal
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extends and ulnar deviates (ADducts) wrist (also active during fist clenching)
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Supinator
- Proximal Attachment: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; radial collateral and annular ligaments; supinator fossa; supinator crest of ulna
- Distal Attachment: Superior lateral radius
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Supinates forearm
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Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)
- Proximal Attachment: Posterior surface of proximal halves of ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane
- Distal Attachment: Base of first metacarpal
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: ABducts thumb at carpometacarpal joint; some weak extension
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Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)
- Proximal Attachment: Middle posterior surface of ulna and interosseous membrane
- Distal Attachment: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extends distal phalnx of thumb at IP joint; extends metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joint
- Uses Lister's tubercle as a pulley
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Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)
- Proximal Attachment: Posterior surface of distal third of radius and interosseous membrane
- Distal Attachment: Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extends proximal phalanx of thumb at metacarpalphalangeal joint; extends carpometacarpal joint
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Extensor Indicis
- Proximal Attachment: Distal posterior surfaces of ulna and interosseous membrane
- Distal Attachment: Extensor expansior of second digit
- Innervation: Posterior interosseous n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Extends second digit and helps extend hand at wrist
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Anatomical Snuff Box
- Laterally/anteriorly: tedons of ABductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
- Medially/posteriorly: tendon of extensor pollicis longus
- Contents: Radial artery; radial styloid process; base of 1st metacarpal; scaphoid; trapezium
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Anterior Compartment Superficial Muscles
- Pronator Teres
- Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Palmaris Longus
- Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- Pretty Flower Pretty Flower
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Anterior Compartment Intermediate Muscles
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
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Anterior Compaterment Deep Muscles
- Flexor Digitorum Profundus
- Flexor Pollicis Longus
- Pronator Quadratus
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Pronator Teres
- Proximal Attachment: Ulnar head: side of coronoid process; Humeral head: medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
- Distal Attachment: Middle lateral surface of radius
- Innervation: Median n. (C6–C7) (goes between heads)
- Main Actions: Pronates and flexes forearm (at elbow)
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Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR)
- Proximal Attachment: Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
- Distal Attachment: Ventral bases of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals
- Innervation: Median n. (C6–C7)
- Main Actions: Flexes and radial deviates (ABducts) wrist
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Palmaris Longus
- Proximal Attachment: Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon)
- Distal Attachment: Distal half of flexor retinaculum and apex of palmar aponeurosis
- Innervation: Median n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Flexes hand (at wrist) and tenses palmar aponeurosis
- this tendon can be harvested for ligament repairs
- superficial to palmar carpal ligament
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU)
- Proximal Attachment: Humeral head: Medial epicondyle of humerus (common flexor tendon); Ulnar head: olecranon just anterior to crest of ulna and side of trochlear notch
- Distal Attachment: Pisiform, hook of hamate, base of 5th metacarpal
- Innervation: Ulnar n. (C7–C8)
- Main Actions: Flexes and ADducts hand (at wrist)
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)
- Proximal Attachment: Humeroulnar head: medial epicondyle (common flexor tendon) and medial coronoid process; Radial head: Superior half of anterior border of radius
- Distal Attachment: Shafts of middle phalanges of medial four digits
- Innervation: Median n. (C7–T1)
- Main Actions: Flexes middle phalanges at PIP joints and proximal phalanges at MCP joints; weak wrist flexion
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)
- Proximal Attachment: Proximal three quarters of medial and anterior surfaces or ulna and interosseous membrane
- Distal Attachment: Bases of distal phalanges medial four digits
- Innervation: Medial part (digits 4–5): Ulnar n. (C8–T1); Lateral part (digits 2–3): Anterior interosseous n. (C8–T1)
- Main Actions: Flexes distal phalanges of medial four digits at DIP joints; flexes PIP and MCP joints and wrist
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Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL)
- Proximal Attachment: Middle anterior surface of radius and interosseous membrane
- Distal Attachment: Base of distal phalanx of thumb
- Innervation: Anterior interosseous n. (C8–T1)
- Main Actions: Flexes phalanges of first digit (thumb) at IP, MCP, and CMC joints
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Pronator Quadratus
- Proximal Attachment: Distal anterior surface of ulna
- Distal Attachment: Distal anterior surface of radius
- Innervation: Anterior interosseous n. (C8–T1)
- Main Actions: Pronates forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together
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Palmar Carpal Ligament
- Radius to ulna
- acts as a retinaculum to prevent flexor tendons from bow-stringing
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Radial a.
- Runs with superficial radial n. deep to brachioradialis
- Lateral to flexor carpi radialis in wrist
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Ulnar a.
- Gives off common interosseous a.: gives off anterior and posterior interosseous aa.
- Goes under tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis
- Runs deep to FDS and superficial to FDP
- Lateral to flexor carpi ulnaris in wrist
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Anterior interosseous a.
- Stays up against anterior surface of interosseous membrane
- Does not enter hand
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Posterior interosseous a.
- Goes through interosseous membrane
- Sits between deep and superficial extensors in posterior forearm
- Runs with posterior interosseous nerve
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