anatomy test two

the site when two bones meet,
function: gives skeleton mobility, holds skeleton together sometimes even protects, weakes part of our skeleton
ex. elbow ______

bending movement decreases angle of joint
ex. bending head down to chest

increases angle of joint
ex. head from chest move back up

excessive extension

moving away movement of limb away from the midline or median plane of the body

movement of limb toward our body

turning of a bone along its own long axis
ex. turing head left to right

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints are types of ____

bones are all joined by fibrous tissue, no joint cavity is present most are immovable

articulating bones are united by cartilage lack a joint cavity not highly movealbe
ex. synchondroses and sympheses

where articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity freely moveable joints, includes nearly all joints of the limbs

fibous joints, immovable joints

slightly moveable

freely moveable

synovial fluid is secreted by synovial membrane

seams, occur in between bones of the skull, interlock with short connective tissue

closed sutures are called ____

peg in socket "tooth in socket" are examples of___

bar or palate of hyaline cartilage uniting bone
ex. epipsysial plate

syndesmosis, symphysis are examples of

bones connected by ligaments cords or bands of fibrous tissue, amount of movement is determined by length of connecting fibers
ex. between tibula and fibia

when articular surfaces of the bone are covered with articular cartilage(hyaline) acts as shock absorber, designed for strength with flexibility
ex. inbetween vertebrae, pubic synthesis

usually flate articulation, allow short gliding movement
ex. in between carpels and tarsals

one concave surface and one convex ONLY permits flexion and extension
ex. knee joint, elbow joint

allows for rotation, atlas bone
ex head side to side to say "no"

over articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another, allows for circumduction, abduction and adduction
ex. inbetween carpels

allows for side to side and back and forth motion
ex. thumb

shoulder and hip joint
allows for flexion extension abduction adduction and rotation

largest and most complex, three joints in one

between patella and the lower end of the femur

between tibia and femur

disk or ligament inbetween tibia and fibia

most freely moveable joint in the body, ball and socket joint, head of humerus fits into gelnoid cavity of scapula, tendons that cross shoulder joints give stability, has rotator cuff made of four tendons

tsubscapularis, suprapintis, infraspintis, and teres minor are_______

allows flexion and extension ONLY radius and ulna articulate with the condyles of the humerus

ball and socket joint, includes spherical head of femur with acetabulum of hip bone

easiest to break.... jaw joint, mandibular condyle articulates with the inferior surface of squamous temporal bone

mostly involve meniscus from compression and stress

ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

bones are forces out of alighnment
ex. involved in sports

inflammation of the bursa caused by a blow or friction (water in the knee)

inflammation of tendon sheaths (doesnt swell up too much)

pain stiffness and swelling of joint, inflammatory disorder, synocial membrane thickens and fluid production decreases causing friction and pain

most common, chronic and degenerative, wear and tear arthritis, most prevalent in elders more women than men osteophytes

chronic inflammatory disorder, can occur at any age more in women than in men joint tenderness and stiffness autoimmune disease

urate crystals caused by uric acid are deposited in the soft tissues of joints causes painful attack of gout more men than in women

inflammatory disease caused by spirochete bacteria transmitted by bites of ticks that live on mice or deer

to filter the hazerdous nitrogenous wastes from the breakdown of proteins such as creatinine and urea

to reabsorb the water lost during filtration

to concentrate and remove in liquid form

retroperitoneal organs (outside the periteneal)

little notch where the uriter comes out

most inner layer of the outside covering protects from infection

middle layer cushions the kidney and holds it into place

outer most layer binds the kidneys to the surrounding structures

forms the columns

inner region of the kidney

formed from medulla (triangle structures)

leads to calyces (found at bases of pyramids)

between each pyramid

where our urine collects

(part of kidney) urine empties into the pelvis and leads to the urider

cortical nephron, juxtamedullary nephrons are types of ____

stays in cortex doesnt do anything

dips down into the medulla

in cortex of the kidney, surrounds the glomerulus, site of filtration of the blood

network of capillaries surrounded by the bowmans capsules fite of filtration

mostly in cortex, where most of the water is reabsorbed by obligatory water reabsorbtion
diabetes insyphelis (doesnt reabsorb water)

goes down into the medulla pyramids

near the papillae

up through the pyramids

away from the bowmans capsule

collects urine from the several distal collecting tubes

microscope structure compoesd of jutaglomerular cells (j cells) containing renin when bllod pressure drops the jp cells secrete renin, renin removes amino acides from angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I.

____ goes to the lungs and angiostemine converting enzymes convert it to angiotensin II

vasoconstruction to raise blood pressure, reduce renal flow but maintaining

glomerular filtration rate and wast secretion, increases tubular reabsorbtion of water, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone, hypothalmus to stimulate thirst

in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule which detects the changes in solute concentrations and the flow through nephrons

blood enters kidneys, enters glomerulus and blood pressure forces water and solutes through wall of capillaries and bowmans capsules

now the water and solutes are in the nephron
filtrate, amount of filtrate =125 mL/min. (4oz/min.)

rate of filtration

GFR/RPF(renal plasma flow)
FF=GFR/RPF

parts that are needed: water, glucose, amion acids, ions. need to concentrate the urine, most of the reabsorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule and the descending limb of the loop of henle

glucose, amion acids, sodium are removed from the filtrate by active transport via carrier molecule in the pct

the removal of sodium will set up a concentration gradien and the water molecules in the pct will leave, this leaves the filtration with mostly sodium, chorine, and urea

involves passive removal of water by setting up concentrations and membrane characteristics

passively allows water to leave

sodium and chorine are actively removed

water is removed from desending limbe

method of ridding the body of wastes and controls pH
potassiumm ions (too much results in cardiac arrest)
hydrogen ions (acidosis)
ammonia (NH3)

control of reabsorption is by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which controls the permeability of DCT and CT to water

urine is more dilute which means

urine is more concentrated when you have ____

____ tubes lead to the bladder gravity and pressure controlled

expandable sac with receptors

(200-400 mL) two cups
no control

voluntary override

tube to the external enviornment

medical process through which a persons blood is cleansed of the toxins the kidneys normally would flush out

occurs when urate crystals accumulate around the joint normally uric acid dissovles in your blood and passes thoguh our kidneys into your urine, however sometime your body either produces too much uric acid or kidneys excrete too little uric acid, then the uric acid builds up