ch 15.txt

  1. Module 15
    Motivation
  2. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
    • Motivation
    • refers to the various physiological and psychological factors that cause us to act in a specific way at a particular time
    • Instincts
    • innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior
    • fixed action pattern
    • innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition
  3. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
    • Brain: reward/pleasure center
    • includes several areas of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area, and involves several neurotransmitters, especially dopamine
    • makes up a neural circuitry that produces rewarding and pleasurable feelings
    • genes have been linked to several behaviors that trigger the brain�s reward/pleasure center including obesity, risk-taking, behaviors (gambling), nicotine addiction, and sexual activity
    • THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
    • THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
    • Incentives
    • goals, that can be either objects or thoughts, that we learn to value and that we are motivated to obtain
    • incentives have two common features
    • first: can be thoughts
    • second: can be objects
    • THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
    • Cognitive factors
    • Extrinsic motivation
    • involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards
    • Intrinsic motivation
    • involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
    • BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS
    • Biological needs
    • physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and physical well-being
    • Social needs
    • needs that are acquired through learning and experience
    • Satisfying needs
    • Maslow�s hierarchy of needs
    • ascending order, or hierarchy, in which biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs at the top
    • BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS (CONT.)
    • BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS (CONT.)
    • Maslow�s Hierarchy of Needs
    • Level 1 physiological needs
    • Level 2 safety needs
    • Level 3 love and belonging needs
    • Level 4 esteem needs
    • Level 5 self-actualization
    • HUNGER
    • Optimal weight
    • ideal weight results from an almost perfect balance between how much food an organism eats and how much it needs to meet its body�s energy needs
    • calorie
    • a measure of how much energy food contains
    • Overweight
    • means that a person is 20% over the ideal body weight
    • obesity
    • means that a person is 30% or more above the ideal body weight
    • HUNGER (CONT.)
    • Three hunger factors
    • Biological hunger factors
    • come from physiological changes in blood chemistry and signals from digestive organs that provide feedback to the brain, which in turn, triggers us to eat or stop eating
    • Psychosocial hunger factors
    • Learned associations between food and other stimuli, such as snacking while watching television; sociocultural influences, such as pressures to be thin; and various personality problems, such as depression, dislike of body image, or low self-esteem
  4. HUNGER (CONT.)
    • Genetic hunger factors
    • come from inherited instructions found in our genes
    • determine the number of fat cells or metabolic rates of burning off the body�s fuel, which push us toward being normal, overweight, or underweight
    • HUNGER (CONT.)
    • Biological Hunger Factors
    • Peripheral cues
    • Results from activity in different brain areas, which in turn results in increasing or decreasing appetite
    • Central cues
    • result from activity in different brain areas, which in turn result in increasing or decreasing appetite
  5. High need for achievement
    • shown by those who persist longer at tasks; perform better on tasks, activities, or exams; set challenging but realistic goals; compete with others to win; and are attracted to careers that require initiative
    • Fear of failure
    • shown by people who are motivated to avoid failure by choosing easy, nonchallenging tasks where failure is more unlikely to occur
    • ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)
    • Need for achievement
    • Fear of failure
    • Self-handicapping
    • refers to doing things that contribute to failure and then using these very things, knowingly or unknowingly, as excuses for failing to achieve some goal
    • Underachievement
    • underachievers are individuals who score relatively high on tests of ability or intelligence but perform more poorly than their scores would predict
    • ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)
    • Cognitive influences
    • Cognitive factors in motivation
    • refer to how people evaluate or perceive a situation and how these evaluations and perceptions influence their willingness to work
    • Intrinsic motivation
    • involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors without receiving any external rewards because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
    • ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)
    • Cognitive influences
    • Cognitive factors in motivation
    • Extrinsic motivation
    • involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives and external rewards
Author
markfields
ID
144776
Card Set
ch 15.txt
Description
ch 15 psych
Updated