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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
- Motivation
- refers to the various physiological and psychological factors that cause us to act in a specific way at a particular time
- Instincts
- innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior
- fixed action pattern
- innate biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of a specific environmental condition
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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
- Brain: reward/pleasure center
- includes several areas of the brain, such as the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area, and involves several neurotransmitters, especially dopamine
- makes up a neural circuitry that produces rewarding and pleasurable feelings
- genes have been linked to several behaviors that trigger the brain�s reward/pleasure center including obesity, risk-taking, behaviors (gambling), nicotine addiction, and sexual activity
- THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
- THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
- Incentives
- goals, that can be either objects or thoughts, that we learn to value and that we are motivated to obtain
- incentives have two common features
- first: can be thoughts
- second: can be objects
- THEORIES OF MOTIVATION (CONT.)
- Cognitive factors
- Extrinsic motivation
- involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards
- Intrinsic motivation
- involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors because the behaviors themselves are personally rewarding or because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
- BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS
- Biological needs
- physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and physical well-being
- Social needs
- needs that are acquired through learning and experience
- Satisfying needs
- Maslow�s hierarchy of needs
- ascending order, or hierarchy, in which biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs at the top
- BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS (CONT.)
- BIOLOGICAL & SOCIAL NEEDS (CONT.)
- Maslow�s Hierarchy of Needs
- Level 1 physiological needs
- Level 2 safety needs
- Level 3 love and belonging needs
- Level 4 esteem needs
- Level 5 self-actualization
- HUNGER
- Optimal weight
- ideal weight results from an almost perfect balance between how much food an organism eats and how much it needs to meet its body�s energy needs
- calorie
- a measure of how much energy food contains
- Overweight
- means that a person is 20% over the ideal body weight
- obesity
- means that a person is 30% or more above the ideal body weight
- HUNGER (CONT.)
- Three hunger factors
- Biological hunger factors
- come from physiological changes in blood chemistry and signals from digestive organs that provide feedback to the brain, which in turn, triggers us to eat or stop eating
- Psychosocial hunger factors
- Learned associations between food and other stimuli, such as snacking while watching television; sociocultural influences, such as pressures to be thin; and various personality problems, such as depression, dislike of body image, or low self-esteem
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HUNGER (CONT.)
- Genetic hunger factors
- come from inherited instructions found in our genes
- determine the number of fat cells or metabolic rates of burning off the body�s fuel, which push us toward being normal, overweight, or underweight
- HUNGER (CONT.)
- Biological Hunger Factors
- Peripheral cues
- Results from activity in different brain areas, which in turn results in increasing or decreasing appetite
- Central cues
- result from activity in different brain areas, which in turn result in increasing or decreasing appetite
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High need for achievement
- shown by those who persist longer at tasks; perform better on tasks, activities, or exams; set challenging but realistic goals; compete with others to win; and are attracted to careers that require initiative
- Fear of failure
- shown by people who are motivated to avoid failure by choosing easy, nonchallenging tasks where failure is more unlikely to occur
- ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)
- Need for achievement
- Fear of failure
- Self-handicapping
- refers to doing things that contribute to failure and then using these very things, knowingly or unknowingly, as excuses for failing to achieve some goal
- Underachievement
- underachievers are individuals who score relatively high on tests of ability or intelligence but perform more poorly than their scores would predict
- ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)
- Cognitive influences
- Cognitive factors in motivation
- refer to how people evaluate or perceive a situation and how these evaluations and perceptions influence their willingness to work
- Intrinsic motivation
- involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors without receiving any external rewards because engaging in these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations
- ACHIEVEMENT (CONT.)
- Cognitive influences
- Cognitive factors in motivation
- Extrinsic motivation
- involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain incentives and external rewards
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