chapter11.txt

refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories

• ability to retain information over time through three processes: encoding, storing, and retrieving
• Encoding
• refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our memories

• is the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental storage for later recall
• - helps to store or encode information in long-term memory.

process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into short-term or long-term storage

• - sensory memory
• - if you do not pay attention the information is forgotten
• - if you pay attention, information is automatically transfered into short-term memory
• - short term memory
• - if you do not pay attention and study material, it is not encoded and it is forgotten.
• - long- term memory:
• - encoded information will remain on a relatively permanent basis.

refers to an initial process that recieves and holds enviromental information in its raw form for a brief period of time, from an instant to several seconds

also know as working-memory, refers to another process that can hold only a limited amount of information, an average of seven items -2 to 30 seconds.

• two features:
• - limited duration
• -maintenance rehearsal
• - this refers to the practice of intentionally repeating or rehearsing information so that it remains longer in short-term momory.

refers to the process of storing almost unlimited amounts of information over long periods of time.

selectively attend to information that is relevant and disregard everything else.

allows you to hold information for a short period of time until you decide what to do with it.

it happens when new information enters short-term memory and overwrites or pushes out information that is already there.

combining separate items of information into a larger unit, or chunk, and then remembering chunks of information rather that individual items.

• - prevents being overwhelmed
• - gives decision time
• - provides stability, playback, and recognition

is a form of sensory memory that automatically holds visual information for about a quarter of a second or more; as soon as you shift your attention, the information disappears.

a form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 to 2 seconds

a form of sensory memory that holds auditory information for 1 to 2 seconds

•better recall, or improvement in retention, of information presented at the end of a task

better recall of information presented at the beginning and end of a task

•involves memories for facts or events, such as scenes, stories, words, conversations, faces, or daily events

• type
• of declarative memory and that involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words,
• definitions, and language rules

• •type
• of declarative memory and that involves knowledge of facts, concepts, words,
• definitions, and language rules

• •type
• of declarative memory that involves knowledge of specific events, personal
• experiences (episodes), or activities, such as naming or describing favorite
• restaurants or hobbies

involves memories for motor skills (playing tennis), some cognitive behaviors learned through classical conditioning

• •transfer
• of information from short-term into long-term memory without any effort and
• usually without any awareness

• •personal
• events

• •interesting
• facts

• •skills
• and habits

• •involves
• the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory either by
• working hard to repeat or rehearse the information or, especially, by making
• associations between new and old information

refers to simply repeating or rehearsing the information rather than forming any new associations

•involvesusing effort to actively make meaningful associations between new informationthat you wish to remember and old or familiar information that is alreadystored in long-term memory

• –theory
• says that remembering depends on how information is encoded

• –shallow
• processing: poor recall

• –deeper
• and deepest processing: encode by making new association

the process by which the mind pushes a memory of some threatening or traumatic event deep into the unconscious mind

Form of photographic memory that occurs in children, is the ability to examine a picture or page for 10-3 seconds and then for several minutes hold in one's mind a detailed visual image of the material

vivid recollections, usually in great detail, of dramatic or emotionally charged incidents that are of interest to the personencoded effortlessly and may last for long periods of time

studies on implanting false memories simply show that a false suggestion can grow into a vivid, detailed, and believable personal memory

occurs in adults, is ability to form sharp, detailed visual images after examining a picture or page for a short period of time and to recall the entire image at a later date