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what is imagery?
uses all of the senses to create an experience or visual image in the mind
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factors that moderate the effectiveness of mental practice? (3)
- skill level of athlete
- cognitive componant of the skill
- time factors and mental practice
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what is skill level of athlete?
advanced performers benefit from mental practice to a greater extent than beginners
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what is cognitive componant of the skill?
require thinking and planning
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what are time factors and mental practice?
mental practice prior to physical practice is most effective
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more important mental or physical practice?
physical
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theories on imagery (3)
- psycho-neuromuscular
- symbolic learning
- functional equivelence hypothesis
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what is psychomuscular theory?
subliminal neuromuscular patterns identical to patterns during actual movement
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what is symbolic learning theory?
actions planned in advance
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what is functional equivelence hypothesis?
matched mental imaged actions and actual physical execution
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what are the 4 W's of sport imagery?
- where - imagery occurs
- when - imagery occurs
- what- is being imaged
- why- what the purpose
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where does imagery take place?
during training or practice
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when does imagery take place?
prior to competition
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what is being imaged by the athlete?
images and content
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what is being imaged by the athlete in a postive way?
positive imagery is facilitative in nature and involves imaging a successful execution of a skill
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what is being imaged by the athlete in a negative way?
negative imagery is debiltative in nature and involves imaging unsuccessful execution of a skill
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what is the why of imagery?
describing the function
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what is imagery perspective? (2)
- internal perspective
- external perspective
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what is internal perspective?
- from within own body
- *better
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what is external perspective?
imagine self to be outside the body
-
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what is kinesthetic sensory mode?
- sensitivity to a greater degree than external imagery
- ex. touch
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what is visual sensory mode?
external imagery utilizes the visual mode
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what are the other sensory modes?
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what do cognitive behavioral intervention programs do?
lower stress
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what is hypnosis?
condition of heightened acceptance of suggestions or hyper-suggestibility
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What to do to achieve hypnotic state
5 phases
- prepare subject
- induction phase
- hypnotic phase
- waking up
- post-hypnotic phase
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what is self-hypnosis?
hypnotizing self with help by therapist
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what can hypnosis do for the athlete?
enhance and heighten suggestibilty that may lead to adjustments of facilitative performance
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what is mental toughness?
multifacted construct made up of multiple key componants such as values attitudes that help the althlete thrive through positive and negative challenges
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what three phases are involved with self regulation model?
- forethought
- performance
- self-reflective
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what is forethought phase?
goal setting, strategy and self efficacy
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what is performance phase?
strategy use, self monitoring, imagery, attention focusing
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what is the self-reflective phase?
self evaluation, outcome attribution, regulating self
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what is psychological methods?
practices that lead to psychological skill (goal setting, imagery)
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what is psychological skill?
learned or innate characteristics of the athlete that make it possible or even likely that she will succeed in sport (anxiety control)
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what are the three types of sport psychologists?
- research
- educational
- clinical/counseling
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what would a school not employ a sport psychologist?
- not necessary
- to much money
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who is the client?
the athlete
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what are settings is sport psychology used?
business
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what is agression?
- goal to inflict bodily harm on another person
- reasonable expectation of success
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what are some behaviors that are not acts of aggression?
- violence on inanimate object
- unintentional injury
- no chance for target to be injured
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basic kinds of aggression (negative)
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what is assertive behavior?
- no intent to harm
- unusual energy expenditure and effort
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what is hostile aggression?
- intent to harm
- goal to harm
- anger
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what is instrumental aggression?
- intent to harm
- goal to win
- no anger
- ex. football
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what is physical harm?
goal to physically harm another person
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what is verbal or emotional harm?
goal to emotionally or physiocologically harm another person
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what is relational harm?
goal to harm another person through relationships (social outcast)
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what is instinct theory?
- aggression is an inborn drive
- sports are an acceptable outlet
- aggression results do to purging of pent up anger known as catharsis
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what is catharsis?
to purge or clense tensions
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what is social learning theory?
- aggression is a function of learning
- learned aggression = more aggression
- Bandura
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what is reformulated frustration aggression theory?
- frustrating event creates a readiness for aggression
- certain stimuli present
- aggression is a response to frustration of cathartic
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what is Bredemiers theory of moral reasoning and aggression?
individuals willingness to engage in aggression is related to his stage of moral reasoning
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what are the three stages of moral development?
- pre-conventional stage
- conventional stage
- post-conventional stage
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what is pre conventional stage?
- individual concerned with awards, punishment and welfare
- ages: 2-8 years
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what is conventional stage?
- individual concerned with group or team norms
- ages: 8- 16 years
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what is post-conventional stage?
- individual guided by moral principles ( athlete less likely to engage in aggressive behavior)
- ages: 16-adult
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what is the catharsis effect?
a release or purging of pent-up emotion and frustration
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what is the false consensus effect?
false belief about the willingness of other fans to particpate in the acts of violence
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what is fan identification?
psychological connection that individuals have with their team
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what fans would participate in violence?
young males, travel in packs, history of fighting, react impulsively
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what the effects of aggression in performance?
true aggression should not result in better performance because it should be penalized
-
what effects of assertiveness have on performance?
important for team success
-
situational factors that might contribute to aggression ?
- environmental temperature
- fear of retaliation
- rivalry
- coach characteristics
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what reduces aggression in sport?
- punishing aggression and violence by athletes
- punish aggression and violence by fans
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what decreases aggression and violence by athletes?
- role models
- severe penalties
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what decreases aggression and violence by fans?
- limit sale of alcohol
- athletic events promoted for families
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what is social facilitation?
notion that the presence of an audience can facilitate performance
-
what is Zajonc’s model of social facilitation?
- based on drive theory
- increased arousal will facilitate performance of skilled athletes
-
what is the flaw of the Zajonc’s model?
the presence of the audience increases arousal
-
where is there a home court advantage?
- functional assertive behavior
- fan support
-
what is functional assertive behavior?
- playing better on the home court
- positive energy
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what is dysfunctional assertive behavior?
- to aroused
- visiting team asserts themselves dysfunctional way
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what is the visiting team disadvantage?
- less expectance from team
- pressure from audience
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when is the home court a disadvantage to the home team?
- playing for an expectant audience
- self attention and pressing on the athlete
- home team feels pressure if losing on home court
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what is self attention?
presence of supportive audience may have the effect of increasing the cost of not winning
-
what are some audience characteristics that lead to home field advantage?
crowd size, crowd hostility, favor home team
-
what is crowd hostlity?
- related to crowd density and intimacy is the hostilty of the home crowd
- people feed off each other and get louder
-
how does team quality effect the home court advantage?
- better for the better team
- poorer team does better when away
-
what is the players perception of the home court advantage?
advantage + crowd support, familiar settings, more confident
-
what is self presentation effects in sports?
way people monitor and control how they are percieved by other people
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what is self handicapping?
- if performance is poor = due to missing practice
- if performance is good= outstanding performance even though sick
-
what is the definition of self handicapping?
preplanned proactive use of effort, excuses in order to protect self-esteem
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what is the down fall of self handicapping?
less likely to value hard work, effort, long term dedication
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what is team cohesion?
group to stick together and remain united in pursuit and objectives
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what is task cohesion?
members of a team work together to achieve a specific and identifiable goal
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what is social cohesion?
members of a team like each other and enjoy personal satisfactions from being members of the team
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what is a sociogram?
team members indicate how they feel about other teammates
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what questionnaire is used for youth sports?
youth sport environment questionnaire developed to measure task and social team cohesion
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what are research determinants of team cohesion?
- personal satisfaction
- communication between teammates
- dyadic self-determination
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what is personal satisfaction?
most important that the team is satisfied
-
who is communication between team members necessary for?
dyadic sports
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what dyadic self determination?
self determination between the two members of the dyadic team
-
what two ways does the casual relationship go?
- team cohesion
- team performance
-
who goes along it future participation?
athletes who belong cohesive teams
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what is team stability?
team high in team cohesion are more likely to remain together
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what is homogeneity of team cohesion?
high levels of team cohesion among both starters and nonstarters
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what are the distributive effects of self-handicapping?
disrupting influence on athletes preparation of future competition
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what does team cohesion lead to?
- positive mood
- anxiety that is facilitative
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what develops team cohesion?
team building
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what is the process of team cohesion? 4 steps
- forming
- storming
- norming
- performing
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what is forming?
just joining, no conflict, learn how to approch the goals, supervisor needs to be direct
-
what is storming?
problems arise, teams can get stuck and can be destructive, get away from cliques
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what is norming?
have one goal, team cohesion
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what is performing?
high performance level, team cohesion, common goal
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what is team building?
promotion of increased sense of unity and cohesiveness enable team function
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what is indirect intervention approach?
sport psychologist teaches coaches and managers for team building principles
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