sportpsych2

  1. what is imagery?
    uses all of the senses to create an experience or visual image in the mind
  2. factors that moderate the effectiveness of mental practice? (3)
    • skill level of athlete
    • cognitive componant of the skill
    • time factors and mental practice
  3. what is skill level of athlete?
    advanced performers benefit from mental practice to a greater extent than beginners
  4. what is cognitive componant of the skill?
    require thinking and planning
  5. what are time factors and mental practice?
    mental practice prior to physical practice is most effective
  6. more important mental or physical practice?
    physical
  7. theories on imagery (3)
    • psycho-neuromuscular
    • symbolic learning
    • functional equivelence hypothesis
  8. what is psychomuscular theory?
    subliminal neuromuscular patterns identical to patterns during actual movement
  9. what is symbolic learning theory?
    actions planned in advance
  10. what is functional equivelence hypothesis?
    matched mental imaged actions and actual physical execution
  11. what are the 4 W's of sport imagery?
    • where - imagery occurs
    • when - imagery occurs
    • what- is being imaged
    • why- what the purpose
  12. where does imagery take place?
    during training or practice
  13. when does imagery take place?
    prior to competition
  14. what is being imaged by the athlete?
    images and content
  15. what is being imaged by the athlete in a postive way?
    positive imagery is facilitative in nature and involves imaging a successful execution of a skill
  16. what is being imaged by the athlete in a negative way?
    negative imagery is debiltative in nature and involves imaging unsuccessful execution of a skill
  17. what is the why of imagery?
    describing the function
  18. what is imagery perspective? (2)
    • internal perspective
    • external perspective
  19. what is internal perspective?
    • from within own body
    • *better
  20. what is external perspective?
    imagine self to be outside the body
  21. what is sensory mode?
    • kinesthetic
    • visual
    • other
  22. what is kinesthetic sensory mode?
    • sensitivity to a greater degree than external imagery
    • ex. touch
  23. what is visual sensory mode?
    external imagery utilizes the visual mode
  24. what are the other sensory modes?
    • auditory
    • olfactory
    • taste
  25. what do cognitive behavioral intervention programs do?
    lower stress
  26. what is hypnosis?
    condition of heightened acceptance of suggestions or hyper-suggestibility
  27. What to do to achieve hypnotic state
    5 phases
    • prepare subject
    • induction phase
    • hypnotic phase
    • waking up
    • post-hypnotic phase
  28. what is self-hypnosis?
    hypnotizing self with help by therapist
  29. what can hypnosis do for the athlete?
    enhance and heighten suggestibilty that may lead to adjustments of facilitative performance
  30. what is mental toughness?
    multifacted construct made up of multiple key componants such as values attitudes that help the althlete thrive through positive and negative challenges
  31. what three phases are involved with self regulation model?
    • forethought
    • performance
    • self-reflective
  32. what is forethought phase?
    goal setting, strategy and self efficacy
  33. what is performance phase?
    strategy use, self monitoring, imagery, attention focusing
  34. what is the self-reflective phase?
    self evaluation, outcome attribution, regulating self
  35. what is psychological methods?
    practices that lead to psychological skill (goal setting, imagery)
  36. what is psychological skill?
    learned or innate characteristics of the athlete that make it possible or even likely that she will succeed in sport (anxiety control)
  37. what are the three types of sport psychologists?
    • research
    • educational
    • clinical/counseling
  38. what would a school not employ a sport psychologist?
    • not necessary
    • to much money
  39. who is the client?
    the athlete
  40. what are settings is sport psychology used?
    business
  41. what is agression?
    • goal to inflict bodily harm on another person
    • reasonable expectation of success
  42. what are some behaviors that are not acts of aggression?
    • violence on inanimate object
    • unintentional injury
    • no chance for target to be injured
  43. basic kinds of aggression (negative)
    • hostile
    • instrumental
  44. what is assertive behavior?
    • no intent to harm
    • unusual energy expenditure and effort
  45. what is hostile aggression?
    • intent to harm
    • goal to harm
    • anger
  46. what is instrumental aggression?
    • intent to harm
    • goal to win
    • no anger
    • ex. football
  47. what is physical harm?
    goal to physically harm another person
  48. what is verbal or emotional harm?
    goal to emotionally or physiocologically harm another person
  49. what is relational harm?
    goal to harm another person through relationships (social outcast)
  50. what is instinct theory?
    • aggression is an inborn drive
    • sports are an acceptable outlet
    • aggression results do to purging of pent up anger known as catharsis
  51. what is catharsis?
    to purge or clense tensions
  52. what is social learning theory?
    • aggression is a function of learning
    • learned aggression = more aggression
    • Bandura
  53. what is reformulated frustration aggression theory?
    • frustrating event creates a readiness for aggression
    • certain stimuli present
    • aggression is a response to frustration of cathartic
  54. what is Bredemiers theory of moral reasoning and aggression?
    individuals willingness to engage in aggression is related to his stage of moral reasoning
  55. what are the three stages of moral development?
    • pre-conventional stage
    • conventional stage
    • post-conventional stage
  56. what is pre conventional stage?
    • individual concerned with awards, punishment and welfare
    • ages: 2-8 years
  57. what is conventional stage?
    • individual concerned with group or team norms
    • ages: 8- 16 years
  58. what is post-conventional stage?
    • individual guided by moral principles ( athlete less likely to engage in aggressive behavior)
    • ages: 16-adult
  59. what is the catharsis effect?
    a release or purging of pent-up emotion and frustration
  60. what is the false consensus effect?
    false belief about the willingness of other fans to particpate in the acts of violence
  61. what is fan identification?
    psychological connection that individuals have with their team
  62. what fans would participate in violence?
    young males, travel in packs, history of fighting, react impulsively
  63. what the effects of aggression in performance?
    true aggression should not result in better performance because it should be penalized
  64. what effects of assertiveness have on performance?
    important for team success
  65. situational factors that might contribute to aggression ?
    • environmental temperature
    • fear of retaliation
    • rivalry
    • coach characteristics
  66. what reduces aggression in sport?
    • punishing aggression and violence by athletes
    • punish aggression and violence by fans
  67. what decreases aggression and violence by athletes?
    • role models
    • severe penalties
  68. what decreases aggression and violence by fans?
    • limit sale of alcohol
    • athletic events promoted for families
  69. what is social facilitation?
    notion that the presence of an audience can facilitate performance
  70. what is Zajonc’s model of social facilitation?
    • based on drive theory
    • increased arousal will facilitate performance of skilled athletes
  71. what is the flaw of the Zajonc’s model?
    the presence of the audience increases arousal
  72. where is there a home court advantage?
    • functional assertive behavior
    • fan support
  73. what is functional assertive behavior?
    • playing better on the home court
    • positive energy
  74. what is dysfunctional assertive behavior?
    • to aroused
    • visiting team asserts themselves dysfunctional way
  75. what is the visiting team disadvantage?
    • less expectance from team
    • pressure from audience
  76. when is the home court a disadvantage to the home team?
    • playing for an expectant audience
    • self attention and pressing on the athlete
    • home team feels pressure if losing on home court
  77. what is self attention?
    presence of supportive audience may have the effect of increasing the cost of not winning
  78. what are some audience characteristics that lead to home field advantage?
    crowd size, crowd hostility, favor home team
  79. what is crowd hostlity?
    • related to crowd density and intimacy is the hostilty of the home crowd
    • people feed off each other and get louder
  80. how does team quality effect the home court advantage?
    • better for the better team
    • poorer team does better when away
  81. what is the players perception of the home court advantage?
    advantage + crowd support, familiar settings, more confident
  82. what is self presentation effects in sports?
    way people monitor and control how they are percieved by other people
  83. what is self handicapping?
    • if performance is poor = due to missing practice
    • if performance is good= outstanding performance even though sick
  84. what is the definition of self handicapping?
    preplanned proactive use of effort, excuses in order to protect self-esteem
  85. what is the down fall of self handicapping?
    less likely to value hard work, effort, long term dedication
  86. what is team cohesion?
    group to stick together and remain united in pursuit and objectives
  87. what is task cohesion?
    members of a team work together to achieve a specific and identifiable goal
  88. what is social cohesion?
    members of a team like each other and enjoy personal satisfactions from being members of the team
  89. what is a sociogram?
    team members indicate how they feel about other teammates
  90. what questionnaire is used for youth sports?
    youth sport environment questionnaire developed to measure task and social team cohesion
  91. what are research determinants of team cohesion?
    • personal satisfaction
    • communication between teammates
    • dyadic self-determination
  92. what is personal satisfaction?
    most important that the team is satisfied
  93. who is communication between team members necessary for?
    dyadic sports
  94. what dyadic self determination?
    self determination between the two members of the dyadic team
  95. what two ways does the casual relationship go?
    • team cohesion
    • team performance
  96. who goes along it future participation?
    athletes who belong cohesive teams
  97. what is team stability?
    team high in team cohesion are more likely to remain together
  98. what is homogeneity of team cohesion?
    high levels of team cohesion among both starters and nonstarters
  99. what are the distributive effects of self-handicapping?
    disrupting influence on athletes preparation of future competition
  100. what does team cohesion lead to?
    • positive mood
    • anxiety that is facilitative
  101. what develops team cohesion?
    team building
  102. what is the process of team cohesion? 4 steps
    • forming
    • storming
    • norming
    • performing
  103. what is forming?
    just joining, no conflict, learn how to approch the goals, supervisor needs to be direct
  104. what is storming?
    problems arise, teams can get stuck and can be destructive, get away from cliques
  105. what is norming?
    have one goal, team cohesion
  106. what is performing?
    high performance level, team cohesion, common goal
  107. what is team building?
    promotion of increased sense of unity and cohesiveness enable team function
  108. what is indirect intervention approach?
    sport psychologist teaches coaches and managers for team building principles
Author
jcarlson
ID
144685
Card Set
sportpsych2
Description
psych
Updated