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Psychology
Is the scientific study of the mind, brain nad behavior.
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Levels of explanation
Rungs on a ladder of explanation, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences.
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Multiply Determined
Caused by many factors
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Single-variable explanations
Explanations that try to account for complex behaviors in terms of only a single cause.
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Individual Differences
Variations among, people in their thinking, emotion and behavior.
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Naive Realism
Belief that we see the presicely as it is
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Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hyphotheses and neglect or distort evidence that containts them.
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Belief Perseverance
tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them.
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Scientific Theory
Explanation for larger number of fidings in the natural world.
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Hypotheses
Testable prediction delivered from asienttific theory
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Pseudoscience
Set of claims that seems scientific but isnt.
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Aphophenia
Tendency to perceive meaninful connections among unrelated phenomena.
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Metaphysical Claims
- Assertions about the world that are not testable.
- ( God, soul and afterlife)
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Scientific Skepticism
Approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them.
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Critical Thinking
Set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.
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Correlation-Causation Fallacy
Error of assuming that because one thing is associated with another, it must cause the other.
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Variable
Anything that can vary.
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Falsifiable
Capable of being disproved
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Replicability
When a study's findings are able to be duplicated, ideally by independent investigators.
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Instropection
Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences.
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In what year did Rene Descartes Writes about the mind-body problem?
1649
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In what year did Frans Anton Mesmer discovers principles of hypnosis?
Late 1700s
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In what year did Charles Darwin Wrote the Origen of Evolution?
1859
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When was the Ameriacan Psychology Association (APA) was founded?
1892
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When did James William Wrote the Principles of Psychology?
1890
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Who discovered Classical conditioning and in what year?
Ivan Pavlov 1910
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Who develop the first intelligent test and in what year?
Alfred Binet and Henri Simon. 1905
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Structuralism
- Uses Instrospection to identify basic elements or structures of experience.
- Founded by E. B. Tichener
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Functionalism:
- aimed to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics.
- It was founded by William James and Influenced by Charles Darwin.
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Behaviorism:
- focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking ar observable behavior.
- founded by B. F. Skinner
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Cognitivism:
- aimed to eximine the role of mental process on behavior.
- founfed by Jean Piaget and Ulric Neisser.
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Psychoanalysis:
- focus on uncovering the role of unconcious psychological processes and early life experiences in behavior.
- founded by Sigmund Freud
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Evolutionary Psychology
Dicipline that applies to Charles Darwin's theory of neutral selection to human and animal behavior.
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Basic Search
research examining how the mind works.
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Applied Research:
reasearch examing how we can use basic reasearch to solve real-world problems.
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