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Height and Weight in Early Childhood
- The average child grows 2.5 inches in height and
- gains between 5 and 7 pounds a year during early childhood
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Myelination
- The process by nerve cells are covered and
- insulated with a layer of fat cells,
- which increases the speed at which information travels through the NS
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Animism
- The belief that inanimate objects have life-like
- qualities and are capable of action
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Egocentrism
- The inability to distinguish between one’s own
- perspective and someone’s else’s
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Conservation
- Awareness that altering an object’s or a
- substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
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Centration
- The focusing of attention on one characteristics
- to the exclusion of all others
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Zone of Proximal Development
- ·
- Vygotsky’s term for task too difficult for
- children to master alone but that can be mastered with the assistance of adults
- or more skilled children
- o
- Lower limit is the level of skill reached by the
- child working independently
- o
- Upper Limit is the level of additional
- responsibility the child can accept with the assistance of an able instructor
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Scaffolding
Changing the level of support
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Self-Understanding
The Child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions
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Emotion-Coaching
- ·
- parents monitor their children’s emotions, view
- their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them
- in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions
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Emotion Dismissing
- ·
- view their role as to deny, ignore, or change
- negative emotions
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Autonomous Morality
Child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that in judging an action one should consider the actors intentions as well as the consequences
-->about 10 years of age and older
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Authoritarian Parenting
Parent places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. Associated with social incompetence
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Authritative Parenting
Parents encourage child to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Parents are warm and nurturant, associated with social competence
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Neglectful Parenting
Parent is uninvolved in the child's life, associated with childrens social incompetence especially a lack of control
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Indulgent Parenting
Parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them, associated with social incompetence and lack of self-control
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Play
A pleasurable activity in which children engage for its own sake, and its functions and forms vary
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Sensorimotor Play
Behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas
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Pretense/Symbolic Play
Play in which the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol
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Practice Play
Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports
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Gender Identity
The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old
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Gender Role
A set of expectations that prescribes how females or males should think, act and feel
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Gender Typing
Acquisition of a traditional masculine or femine role
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Gender Schema Theory
The theory that gender-typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of their cultures gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
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