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Where are the poorer countries in Africa and why are they poorer?
Sahel Horn
Drought and war
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Describe the earliest economics.
Hunting, fishing, food gathering
Independent
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Advent of Europeans and affect on economy
Brought slave trade and colonial economy
- Slave trade: loss of productivity, widespread instability
- Colonial partition: affected production destruction and consumption
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After independence, economies suffered from:___, ___, ___, ___, ___.
- Limited infrastructure
- Untrained human resources (literacy)
- Lack of diversification
- Inefficient use of state funds
- Economic growth
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Substance agriculture: other names?
Based on slash and burn technique
- Shifting agriculture / cultivation
- Land rotation
- Bush fallow method
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Mineral resources, producers
- Gold:
- -South Africa (biggest)
- -Zimbabwe
- -Democratic Republic of Congo
- -Ghana (about 75% of supply)
- Diamond:
- -South Africa
- -Republic of Congo
- Iron-ore:
- -Everywhere
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Colleges/Universities set up by colonial regimes
- Great Britain:
- -Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone (1827)
- -University of Ibadan (1948)
- -University of Makerere (1950)
- -University of Science and Technology in Ghana (1951)
- France:
- -University of Algiers (1879)
- Belgium:
- -University of Rwanda-Burundi (1955)
- -The State University at Elizabethville in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1956)
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African Institutions set up after independence
- Nigeria: Universal Primary Education (1976)
- -Gaurentees access to all Nigerians
- -Gives basic skills in reading and writing
- -Nigeria has over 30 colleges and universities
- South Africa govt promises 10 years of free education to all south africans
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Industrialization
- North Africa:
- -Leader is Egypt
- West Africa:
- -Leaders are Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast
- -Industries: pottery, ceramics, basket weaving, carving, assembly plants
- Central Africa:
- -Leaders are Cameroun, Congo, Gabon
- -Minerals
- East Africa:
- -Leader is Kenya
- -Tourism, coffee, cotton, sisal
- Southern Africa:
- -Leaders are Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa
- -Minerals
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Energy
- Petroleum: Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Angola
- Natural Gas: Algeria
- Coal: Zimbabwe, South Africa
- Hydro Electric power stations:
- -Kainja Dam (Nigeria)
- -Aswan High Dam (Egypt: Nile River)
- -Kariba Dam (East Africa: Zambezi River)
- -Volta Dam (Ghana)
- -Caborra Bassa Dam (Mazambique, but used in South Africa)
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Internets impact
- Attract Investment
- Promote Tourism
- Improve healthcare
- Expand educational opportunities
- Enhance communication
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Major environment issues
- Deforestation
- -Clearing land
- -Lumbering
- -Cutting trees
- Desertification
- -Overgrazing
- -Drought
- Soil Erosion
- -Deforestation
- -Oil Drilling
- -Mining
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Countries that get income from wildlife tourism
- Zimbabwe
- Kenya
- Botswana
- Tanzania
- South Africa
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Debt crisis
- $227 billion
- Currently showing signs of improvement
- Creditors: International Monetary Fund, World Bank
- Causes:
- -Petroleum (OPEC) price hikes
- -Periodic global recessions
- -Reduced foreign aid
- -Easy access to bank credit
- -Excessive borrowing-high interest rates
- -Decline in cash crops prices
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SAPS
- Structural Adjustment Program
- Called shock therapy because of hardships they produce
- Requirements:
- -Privatize the economy
- -Eliminate subsides
- -Devalue currencies
- -Downsize the govt
- Criticisms:
- -Contribute to higher unemployment
- -May lead to food riots
- -Tend to ignore the human dimension of development
- -Squeeze many people out of the middle class
- -Tend to worsen the plight of the poor
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Public enterprises
- Stat supported agencies
- Exist to:
- -Provide needed services
- -Provide employment
- -Protect certain areas of the economy from monopoly
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US Aid to Africa
- 63% goes to Egypt
- Other recipients:
- -Kenya
- -Democratic republic of congo
- -Liberia
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New US aid policy
- "Trade Not Aid"
- Trade, investment, agriculture more beneficials than aid
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Urbanization reasons
- Economic
- Cultural
- Social
- Environmental
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Primate City
- name of leading (largest) city of a country
- high concentration of people
- usually capital city
- may contain up to 25% or more of country population
- may be 3 times size of 2nd largest city
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2 Largest Cities in Africa
- Cairo (North Africa)
- Johannesburg (South Africa)
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Nations that changed the name of their capital city
- Mozambique: Lorenco Marques to Maputo
- Zimbabwe: Salisbury to Harare
- Chad: Fort Lamy to N'DJamena
- Gambia: Bathurst to Banjul
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Nations that relocated their capital city
- Morocco: Casablanca to Rabat
- Cameroun: Douala to Yaounde
- Tanzania: Dar Es Salaam to Dodoma
- Nigeria: Lagos to Abuja
- Ivory Coast: Abidjan to Yamoussoukro
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Informal economy
- Many urban people unemployed live here
- 40% or more of labor force is employed in informal sector
- Characterized by:
- -small scale enterprises
- -self employment
- -no labor unions
- -pay no taxes
- Lack of housing for urban poor in informal economy
- -many liv in substandard housing, slums, squatter
- -camps/settlements, shanty towns
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