MUSI 2350

• a modulator
• analog synthesizerinvented by Robert Moog
• 1967
• popularized by Wendy/Walter Carlos
• "switched on bach"

• invented by Donald Buchla
• 1964
• one of 1st analog modular synthesizers for live performance

• "father of computer music"
• invented singing computerprogram called Music 1/2/3
• played by GROOVE and Radio Baton

• made of 8 bits
• 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
• higher bits = higher quality

operation that begins w/ some initial conditions and gives output which follows from set of rules

set of rules that carry out computation

• 1st composer in research
• mathematician
• worked with algorithms and chance programs
• shepherd's tone (up version)
• worked with Elvis stuff, "blue suede shoes"

• replaced Tenney in 1964
• researched psychacoustics
• shepherd's tone (down)
• developed different timbres for computer
• "computer suite for little boy"

• studied effects of wide vibrato sounds
• discovered FM synthesis technique

• Chowning
• modulates periodic waveform w/ another
• enabled stable computer oscillator

• Music Instrument Digital Interface
• proposed by Sequential Systems, Oberheim, Roland Corp.
• sent in serial binary as series of bits
• does not describe soundcontrol message

• invented in 1983
• first fully digital MIDI synthesizer
• came from Chowning's frequency modulation synthesis

first real time granular synthesis

first compositional theory for grains of sound

• Truax
• Xenakis

• African rhythm
• reich

• cage
• laetitia sonomi

• Amplitude Modulation
• Frequency Modulation

Additive Synthesis

• Columbia: Otto Luening, Vladmir Ussachevsky
• Princeton: Milton Babbit
• purchased/created RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer

• first programmable electronic music synthesizer
• Princeton-Columbia Collaboration
• funded by rockefeller foundation
• Babbit
• Charles Wuorinen's "Times Encomium"