HCCC A&P Test II

• Epithelium
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.

It occurs in the body as (1) covering and linging epithelium and (2) glandular epithelium.

• Protection
• Absorption
• Filtration
• Excretion
• Secretion
• Sensory reception

Simple: one layer

Stratified: more than one layer; the first layer is called the basal surface and the upper most called the Apical surface

Squamous cell: are flattened and scalelike

Cuboidal cell: are boxlike, approximately as tall as they are wide.

Columnar cell: are tall and column shape.

Tissues which give a false impression that several cell layers are present, because the cell nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane.

A gland consists of one or more cells that make and secrete (export) a particular product.

Endocrine Gland secrete internally, their products are called hormones.

These glands secrete their products onto body surface or into body cavities. They produce mucous, sweat, oil, salivery glands, bile, and many more.

• Connective tissue proper (adipose & fibrous tissue of the ligaments)
• Cartilage tissue
• Bone tissue
• Blood

• Binding and support
• protection
• insulation
• transportation of substances within the body

Supports and binds other tissues. Highly vasular (with blood), and well nurished. The cells do not touch and are separted by the matrix.

Ground substance made of fluid, proteoglycans, and fibers that consist of collagen, elastic, and reticular.

• Loose: support organs
• Adipose (fat)
• Dense: tendons and ligaments
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Vascular (blood)

• 1. Stratum basale
• 2. Stratum spinosum
• 3. Stratum granulosum
• 4. Stratum lucidum
• 5. Stratum corneum

The Stratum basale composition is in contact with the dermis. The cells are consitently divided mitotically and moving outward (upperward).

The bottom layer.

The prickly layer, is mostly kertincytes.

The second acending layer.

The cell is dying and mostly filled with granules of keratohyaline and lamellated.

The third acenting layer.

The cell contains no nuclei, organelles, or cell membranes.

The fourth acending layer.

These are complete dead cells which provide a 20 to 30 cell layer of protection and is nearly waterproof.

The top, fifth, acending layer.

Dermis is the deeper and thicker than the epidermis. It is highly vascular and glanduler.

Your sweat gland

Your oil glands or sebum

Into the root and shaft (the dead part)

• The nail body
• The nail bed (underneath the body)
• The free edge (the nail)
• and nail groove (undernether the nail)

• to support
• to protect
• to allow body movement
• Hematopoiesis (making red blood cells)
• Mineral Storage (fat and calcium)

• Compact Bone is the external layer and
• Spongy Bone is the interal layer

Diaphysis: the shaft, forming the long axis of the bone. It forms a collar of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity or marrow cavity. This cavity is cover with a layer called the endosteum. The endosteum produces osteoblast.

Epiphyses: the bone ends.

Periosteum: the outter member of the bone with two layers.

The outer layer contains the blood vessels and lymphatic nerves

The inter layer conatins the OSTEOGENIC layer, which secretes osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Chondrocytes-mineral depositon-calcification-chondrocytes die from pericondrium differntialtion of osteoblast-osteoid-primarny ossification center

also called perforating canals, which lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerves supply of the periosteum to those in the central canals and the medullary cavity.

also known as the central canal, they run longitudinally through the bone.

The parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to low calcium, which increases osteoclast activity in the bones.

Once a balance is reached, then calcitonin, is released by the thyroid gland inhibits PTH secretion.

• long
• short
• flat
• irregular

basis of their shape and their proportion of compact or spongy bone

• Synarthroses: immovable
• Phyarthroses: slight movable
• Diarthroses: freely movable

mostly synarthroses and are either:

• Sutures
• Syndesmoses
• Gomphoses

No joint cavity is present

"seams" occur only between bones of the skull.

connected exclusively by ligaments.

a peg-in-socket fibrous joint. The only example is the articulation of a tooth with its bony alveolar socket.

the articulating bones united by cartilage. Like fibrous joints, they lack a joint cavity are are not highly movable.

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage uniting the bones. The most common example are the epiphyseal plates in the long bones of children.

the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage, which in turn is fused to an intervening pad, or plate, of fibrocartilage, which is the main connecting material.

i.e. the public bones and between the vertabra

(joint eggs) those in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity and is diarthroses.

Articular cartilage: double layered covering the opposing bones surfaces

Reinforcing ligaments

essentially bags of lubricant, they act as "ball berings" to reduce friction between adjeacent structures during joint activity. Usually found in synovial joints.

• Gliding
• Angular
• Rotation

movements from side to side or back and forth. This movement is found in the intercarpal/tarsal joints and also in sternocostal.

• is a bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane.
• It decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together.

i.e. bending your head to your chest.

is the reverse of flexion. It increases the angle of the joints and brings the articulating bones further apart.

(moving away) is movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane.

(moving toward) is the opposite of abduction, so it is the movement of a limb towards the body midline.

is moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space.

is turning of a bone around its own long axis.

"turning backwards"/"turning forward"

Lifting the foot to the shin is dorsiflexion

pointing the toes down is plantar flexion

means lifing a body part superiorly.

i.e. the shoulder shrug/chewing.

The saddle joint between metacarpal 1 and the trapeium allows this movement.

i.e. when you touch your fingers with your thumb.

a special movement of the foot. To inverse, the sole of the foot turns medially; eversion is the opposite.

Nonangular anterior and posterior movement in a transverse plane. The mandible is protracted when you jut out your jaw and retracted when you bring it back.

the articular surfaces are essentially flat, and they allow one short nonaxial gliding movements.

the cylindrical end of one bone conforms to a trough-shaped surface on another.

i.e. the elbow or inter-phalangeal

the rounded end of one bone conforms to a "sleeve" or ring composed of bone (and possibly ligaments) of another.

i.e. the proximal radioulnar joint, where the head of the radius rotates within a ringlike ligament secured to the ulna.

the oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another. This permits all angular motions.

i.e. the radiocarpal (wrist) & metacarpophalangeal (knuckle)

resemble condyloid joints, but they allow greater freedom of movement. Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas (a saddle).

i.e. the thumb (carpometacarpal joints of the pollex).

the spherical or hemispherical head of one boen articulates with the cuplike socket of another. Universal movement.

i.e. the shoulder and hip joints are the only examples.