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Sample
the set of elements selected form a population
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Element
The basic unit selected
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Population
The full set of elements from which the sample is selected
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Sampling
The process of drawing a sample from a population
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Representative sample
A sample that resembles the population
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Equal propability of selection method (EPSEM)
Sampling method in which each individual element has an equal probability of selection into the sample
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Statistic
A numerical characteristic of sample data
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parameter
A numerical characteristic of a population
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sampling error
differences between sample values and the true population parameter
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Census
collection of data form everyone in the population
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Sampling frame
A list of all the elements in a population
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response rate
the percentage of people selected to be in a sample and who participate in the research study
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\Biased sample
a nonrepresentative sample
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Proximal similarity
generalization to people, places, settings, and contexts that are similar to those described in the research study
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Simple random sampling
A popular and basic equal probability selection method
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Statified random sampling
Division of population elements into mutually exclusive groups and then selection of a random sample from each group
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Proportional stratified sampling
Stratified sampling where the sample proportions are made to be the same as the population proportions on the stratification variable
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disproportional stratifies samples
Stratified sampling where the sample proportions are made to be differnet from the population proportion s on the stratifcation variable
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Cluster random sampling
Sampling method where clusters are randomly selected
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Cluster
A collection type of unit that includes multiple elements
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One-stage cluster sampling
Clusters are randomly selected and all the elements in the selected clusters constitute the sample
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Two-stage cluster sampling
Clusters are randomly selected, and a random sample of elements is drawn from each of the selected clusters
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Systematic sampling
The samplking method where one determines the sampling interval(k), randomly selects an element between 1 and k, and then selects every kth element
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Sampling interval
the population size divided by the desired sample size; it's symbolized by the letter k
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periodicity
Problematic situation in systematic sampling that can occur if there is a cyclical pattern in the sampling
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Convenience sampling
use of people who are reeadily available, volunteer, or are easily recruited for inclusion in a sample
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Quota Sampling
A researcher decides on the desired sample sizes or quotas for groups identified for inclusion in the sample, followed by convenience sampling fron the groups
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purposive sampling
a researcher specifies the characteristics of the population of interest and then locates individuals who have those characteristics
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Snowball sampling
each sampling person is asked to identify other potential particpants with the inclusion characteristic
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Random selection
Selection of participants using a random sampling methods
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Random assignment
Placement of participants into experimental conditions on the basis of a chance process
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purpose of random selection
to obtain a representative sample
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Purpose of random assignment
to produce two or more equivalent groups for use in an experiment
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Sample size calculator
A statistical program used to provide a recommended sample size
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mixed sampling
use of a combination of quantitative and qualitative sampling methods
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