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Variable
a condition or characteris that cand take on different values or categories
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measurement
the asignment of symbols or numbers to something according to a set of rules
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Nominal Scale
- The use of symbols, such as words or numbers, to classify or categorize measurement objects into groups or types
- ex: gender, marital status
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ordinal scale
- a rank order measurement scale
- ex: social class, letter grade, order of finish in race
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Interval Scale
- has equal intervals or distances between adjacent numbers
- ex: IQ scores, year, temperature
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Ratio Scale
- Fully quantitative, include rank ordering, equal intervals, plus has an absolute zero point
- ex: response time, height, weight, annual income
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Reliability
the consistency or stability of scores
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Reliability coefficient
type of correlation coefficient used as an index of reliability
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Test-retest reliability
Consistency of a group of individuals' scores on a test over time
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Equivalent-forms reliability
Consistency of a group of individuals' scores on two version of the same test
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Internal Consistency reliability
Consistency with which items on a test measure a single construct
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Coefficient alpha
The most frequencyly used index of internal consistency also called the Cronbach's alpha
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interrater reliability
the degree of consistency or agreement between two or more scorers, judges, observers, or raters
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Interobserver agreement
The percentage of time that different observers' ratings are in agreement
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Validity
Accuracy of inferences, interpretations, or actions made on the basis of test scores
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operationalization
the way a construct is represented and measured in a particular research study
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Validation
Gathering of evidence regarding the soundness of inferences made from test scores
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Content-related evidence or content validity
Judgement by experts of the degree to which items, tasks, or questions on a test adequately represent the construct
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Face Validity
Prima facie judgement of whether the items appear to represent the construct and whether the test or instrument looks valid
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Multidimensional Construct
Construct consisting of two or more dimension; contrasted with a unidimensional construct
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Factor analysis
A statistical analysis procedure used to determine the number of dimensions present in a set of items
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Homogeneity
The degree to which a set of items measures a single construct
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Validity coefficient
the type of correlation coefficient used in validation research
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criterion-related validity
degree to which scores predict or relate to a known criterion such as a future performace or an already- established test
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predictive validity
degree to which scores obtained at one time correctly predict the scores on a criterion at a later time
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Concurrent validity
Degree to which test scores obtained at one time correctly relate to the scores on a known criterion obtained at approximately the same time
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Convergent validity evidence
Validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test score correlate with independent measures of the same construct
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Discrimant validity evidence
Validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores do not correlate with measure of different constructs
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Known groups validity evidence
Degree to which groups that are known to differ on a construct actually differ according to the test used to measzure to construct
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Norming group
the reference group upon which reported reliability and validity evidence is based
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